No survey of clinically important immunological phenomena would be complete without consideration of the functions of phagocytic cells. They play a pivotal role in the immune response by kiling microbes, by presenting antigens to lymphocytes and by serving as supportive, accessory cells to lymphocytes, at least partly by releasing soluble factors. The phagocytes of the body, professional and non professional, consist of two specialized groups of cells: granulocytes, which can be mobilized rapidly and which reach inflamed sites quickly and in large numbers, and which are highly efficient at dealing with many types of injury and infection but which have no capacity for differentiation and live only a short time; and the mononuclear phagocyte system consisting partly of motile cells which respond initially more slowly than neutrophils but which can differentiate in sites of inflammation into cells which are more efficient in various functions than the cells from which they originated. Many mononuclear phagocytes are fixed cells located in tissues where they act as trays or filters for material circulating through the tissue. Phagocytes, which usually function as the primary defender in infections, have also been implicated as effector cells in several conditions characterized by a destructive inflammatory response.
ZychlinskesA.JoangS.YoungJ. D. E.1988. Cytolytic mechanism of the immune system. Current Opinion in Immunology, 1: 63–69.
2.
CohnZ. A.1988. Innate immunity. Overview. Current Opinion in Immunology, 1: 3–4.
3.
GordonS.KeshavS.ChungL. P.1988. Mononuclear phagocytes: Tissue distribution and functional hetereogeneity. Current opinion in Immunology1: 26–35.
4.
MauriC.RizzoS. C.RicevutiG., (eds.) 1987. The biology of phagocytes in health and disease. In “Advances in biosciences” series, vol. 66, Pergamon Press, Oxford, U. K.
5.
RossiF.PatriarcaP., 1982. Biochemistry and function of Phagocytes. In “Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology” series, vol. 141, Plenum Press, New York.
6.
Van OssC. J.1986. Phagocytosis: An overview. In Di SabatoG.FiverseJ. (eds.), “Methods in Enzimology”, volume 132, pg. 3–16, Academic Press Pubis, New York.
7.
GabayJ. E.1988. Microbicidal machanism of phagocytes. Current opinion in Immunology1: 36–40.
8.
RappoleeD. A.WerbZ.1988. Secretory products of phagocytes. Current opinion in Immunology1: 47–55. in Immunology 1: 490–496.
9.
KaufmannS. H. E.1989. Immunity to bacteria and fungi. Current opinion in Immunology1: 431–440.
10.
RotrosenD.GallinJ. I.1987. Disorders of phagocyte function. Ann. Rev. Immunol.5: 127–130.
11.
RicevutiG.MazzoneA.1989. The revisited neutrophils. Inflammation13, 475–482.
12.
CannistraS. A.GriffinJ. D.1988. Regulation of the production and functions of granulocytes and monocytes. Sem. Hematol.25: 173–188.
13.
ModeratorLehrer R. I., 1988. Neutrophils and Hoste Defense. Ann. Intern. Med.109: 127–142.
14.
HastonW. S.WilkinsonP. C.1988. Locomotion and chemotaxis of leukocytes: Gradient perception and locomotor capacity. Current opinion in Immunology1: 5–9.
15.
NathahC. F.1987. Secretory production of macrophages. J. Clin. Invest.79: 319–326.
16.
JohnstonR. B.1988. Monocytes and macrophages. N. Engl. J. Med.318: 747–752.
17.
SorgC.Lohmann-MatthesM. L.1989. Macrophages and accessory cells of the immune system. Immunology Today10: S27–S30.
18.
HoggN.1987. Human mononuclear phagocyte molecules and the use of monoclonal antobodies in their detection. Clin Exp. Immunol.69: 687–694.
19.
HarrisA. K.1988. Fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. In Di SabatoG.FiverseJ. (eds.), “Methods in Enzimology”, volume 132, pg. 623–642, Academic Press Publs, New York.
20.
PostlethwaiteA. R.KangA. H.1988. Fibroblast chemoattractants. In Di SabatoG. (ed), “Methods in Enzimology”, volume 63, pg. 694–707, Academic Press Publs, New York.
21.
CostarC. W.CabralA. R.1988. Connective tissue activating peptides. In Di SabatoG. (ed.), “Methods in Enzimology”, volume 163, pg. 731–748, Academic Press Publs, New York.
22.
ZigmondSH. 1989. Cell locomotion and chemotaxis. Current Opinion in Cell Biology1: 80–86.
HorwitzM. A.1988. Intracellular parasitism. Current Opinion in Immunology1: 41–46.
25.
CesbronJ. Y.MonteD.JosephM.PancreV.VorngH.CapronA.1988. Platelet mediated cytotoxicity: A scenario for free-radicals? International conference on “Oxygen Free Radicals in Health and Disease” 18th/19th April 1988, London Marriott Hotel, London W1.
26.
RicevutiG.MazzoneA.FratinoP.1988. The free radicals by granulocytes in non infectious diseases. Int. J. Immunopath. Pharmacol.1: 219–233.
27.
WilkinsonPC. 1988. Chemotaxis Factors: An Overview. In “Methods in Enzimology”, Ed. Di SabatoG.volume 162, pg. 127–139, Academic Press Publs, New York.
28.
TraceyK. J.CeramiA.1989. Cachectin/tumor necrosis factor and other cytokines in infectious disease. Current opinion in Immunology1: 454–461.
29.
NicolaN. A.1987. Hemopoietic growth factors and their interactions with specific receptors. J. Cell. Physiol. (Suppl. 5): 9–14.
30.
RellyJ. T.NashJ. R. G.1988. Vitronectin (serum spreading factor): Its localisation in normal and fibrotic tissue. J. Clin. Pathol.41: 1269–1272.
31.
DillonSB.VergheseMW.SnydermanR.1988. Signal transduction in cells following binding of chemoattractants to membrane receptors. Wirchows Archiv B cell Pathol. 55: 65–80.
32.
WilkinsonP. C.1983. Mononuclear Phagocytes and Granulocytes. In “Immunology in Medicine”2nd Ed. (eds. HolborowE. J.ReevesW. G.) pp. 59–94, Academic Press, London.
33.
DinarelloC. A.1984. Interleukin 1 and the pathogenesis of the acute phase response. N. Engl. J. Med.311: 1413–1418.
SpivakJ. L.SmithR. R.IhleJ. N.1985. Interleukin 3 promotes the in vitro proliferation of murine pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells. J. Clin Invest. 76: 1613–1621.
36.
McInnesA.RennickD. M.1988. Interleukin 4 induces cultured monocytes/macrophages to form giant multinucleated cells. J. Exp. Med.167: 598–611.
37.
PhilipR.EpsteinL. B.1987. Tumor necrosis factor as immunomodulator and mediator of monocyte cytotoxicity induced by itself, γinterferon and interleukin 1. Nature327: 86–87.
38.
GallinJ. I.1984. Human neutrophil heterogeneity exists, but is it meaningful?Blood63: 977–983.
39.
MorahanP. S.VolkmanA.MelnicoffM.DempseyW. L.1988. Macrophage heterogeneity. In “Macrophages and cancer”, eds. HepnerG. H.FultonA., Boca Raton: CRC Press.
40.
WatsonJ. D.1987. Cytokines and their receptors. Immunology Today7: 320–321.
41.
GauthierY.GauthierO.Surleve-BazeilleJ. E.GuilletG.1984. La cellule de Langerhans: Monocyte epidermique. Bordeaux Medical17: 209–14.
42.
GeigerB.1989. Cytoskeleton-associated cell contacts. Current opinion in Cell Biology1: 103–109.
43.
HoggN.1988. The leukocyte integrins. Immunology Today9: 111–114.
44.
HemlerM. E.1988. Adhesive protein receptors on hematopoietic cells. Immunology Today9: 109–113.
45.
DetmersP. A.WrightS. D.1988. Adhesion-promoting receptors on leukocytes. Current opinion in Immunology1: 10–13.
46.
RicevutiG.MazzoneA.HarlanJM. 1988. Membrane gycoproteins of neutrophils and diseases. Haematologica73: 415–422.
47.
AltieriD. C.EdgingtonT. S.1988. A monoclonal antibody reacting with distinct adhesion defines a transition in the functional state of the receptor CDllb/CD18 (Mac-1). J. Immunol.241: 2656–2660.
48.
RosenH.GordonS.1987. Monoclonal antibody to the murine type 3 complement receptor inhibits adhesion of myelomonocytic cells in vitro and inflammatory cell recruitment in vivo. J. Exp. Med.166: 1685–1701.
49.
DinarelloC. A.IkejimaT.WarnerS. J. C.OrencoleS. F.LonnemannG.CannonJ. G.LibbyP.1987. Interleukin 1 induces interleukin 1. I. Induction of circulating interleukin 1 in rabbits in vivo and in human mononuclear cells in vitro. J. Immunol.139: 1902–1910.
50.
RicevutiG.MazzoneA.NotarioA.1989. Definition of CD11a, b, c, and CD18 glycoproteins on chemotactically deficient granulocyte membranes in patients affected by myeloid disorders. Acta Haematologica81: 126–130.
51.
SpingerA. T.AndersonD. C.1986. The importance of MAC-1, LFA-1 glycoprotein family in monocyte and granulocyte adherence, chemotaxis, and migration into inflammatory sites: Insights of an experiment of nature. In “Recent advances in primary and acquired immunodeficiencies”, AiutiF.RosenF.CooperMD. eds., Serono Symposia vol. 28, pg. 129–145, Raven Press, New York.
52.
PikeM. C.SnydermannR.1988. Leukocyte chemoattractants receptors. In Di SabatoG. (ed.), “Methods in Enzimology”volume 162, pg. 271–279, Academic Press Publs, New York.
53.
WilkinsonP. C.HastonW. S.1988. Chemotaxix: An overview. In Di SabatoG. (ed.), “Methods in Enzimology”, volume 162, pg. 3–17, Academic Press Publs, New York.
54.
CurzioM.1988. Interactions between neutrophils and 4-hydroxyalkenals and consequences on neutrophil motility. Free Rad. Res. Commiss.5: 55–66.
55.
WhalM. S.McCartney-FrancisN.MergenhagensS. E.1989. Inflammatory and immunomodulatory roles of TGF-β. Immunology Today10: 258–261.
56.
ZegersBJM.KuisW.RijkersGT. 1989. Disorders of cells of the myelo-monocyte cell lineage and of the complement system: Molecular basis and clinical aspects. Current Opinion in Immunology1: 490–496.
57.
BellaviteP.1988. The superoxide-forming enzymatic system of phagocytes. Free Radical Biology and Medicine4: 225–261.
58.
DouglasS. D.QuieP. G.1981. Investigation of phagocytes in disease. Churchill Livingstone Edinburgh, London, Melbourne and New York1981.
59.
GiroudJ. P.KellerH. U.TillG. O.1987. Second International conference on cell locomotion and chemotaxis. Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy41: 265–367.
60.
KellerH. U.TillG. O.1982. Leukocyte promotion and chemotaxis Suppl. Agents and Actionsvol. 12, Birkauser VerlagBasel.
61.
KlonerR. A.1988. Conference on “The role of Oxygen free Radicals in Myocardial Ischemia”, Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 4: 5–72.
62.
WeissS. J.1989. Tissue destruction by neutrophils. N. Engl. J. Med.320: 365–376.
63.
RobsonR. M.1989. Intermediate filaments. Current Opinion in Cell Biology1: 36–43.
64.
TewJ. G.KoscoM. H.SzakalA. K.1989. The alternative antigen pathway. Immunology Today10: 229–232.
65.
GoetzlE. J.GoldsteinI. M.1985. Cellular component of inflammation: Granulocytes. In KelleyW.N.HarrisE.D.RuddyS.SledgeC.B. eds. Textbook of rheumatology, Philadelphia, WB Saunders Company pg. 115–144.
66.
RuffM. R.WahlS. M.PertC. B.1985. Substance P receptor-mediated chemotaxis of human monocytes. Peptides6: 107–111.
67.
StanleyK.LuzioP.1988. Perforin: A family of killer proteins. Nature334: 475–476.
68.
FeuresteinG.HallenbeckG. M.1987. Leukotrienes in health and disease. FASEB J. 1: 186–192.
69.
WebbD. R.1982. Immunopharmacology and the regulation of leukocyte function. Marcell Dekker Pbl.New York.
70.
BalkwillF.1988. Cytokines soluble factors in immune responses. Current Opinion in immunology1: 241–249.
71.
MundyG. R.1983. Monocyte-macrophage system and bone resorption. Lab. Invest.49: 119–121.
