GreenwoodR. Head Injury for neurologist. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2002;73:16.
2.
Brain Injury Association Board of Directors, March 14, 1997.
3.
HutchinsonPJKirkpatrickPJ. Acute head injury for the neurologist. J Neurol Neurosurg Psych. 2002; 73:13–17.
4.
TagiaferriECompagnoneCKorsicMServadeiFKrausJ. A systematic review of brain injury epidemiology in Europe. Acta Neurochir (Wien)2005 Nov 28.
5.
McIntoshT.K.JuhlerM.WielochT. Novel pharmacologic strategies in the treatment of experimental traumatic brain injury. J. Neurotrauma.1998; 15: 731–769.
6.
LekerRShohamiE. Cerebral ischemia and trauma-different etiologies yet similar mechanism: Neuroprotective opportunities. Brain Res Rev. 2002;39:55–73.
7.
BarnumSR. Complement in central nervous system inflammation. Immunol. Res.2002; 26: 7–13.
8.
MinamiMKatayamaTSatohM. Brain cytokines and chemokines: Roles in ischemic injury and pain. J Pharmacol Sci2006;100:461–470.
9.
LenzlingerPMMorganti-KossmannMCLaurerHLMcIntoshTK. The duality of the inflammatory response to traumatic brain injury. Mol Neurobiol. 2001;24:169–181.
10.
ZhengZYenariMA. Post-ischemic inflammation: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Neurol Res2004;26:884–892.
11.
DantonGHDietrichWD. Inflammatory mechanisms after ischemia and stroke. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol2003;62: 127–136.
DirnaglUIadecolaCMoskowitzMA. Pathobiology of ischaemic stroke: An integrated view. Trends Neurosci1999;22:391–397.
14.
HanHSYenariMA. Cellular targets of brain inflammation in stroke. Curr Opin Investig Drugs2003;4:522–529.
15.
WangQTangXNYenariMA. The inflamatory response in stroke. J Neuroim2007; 184: 53–68.
16.
HartlR.SchurerL.Schmid-SchonbeinG.W.Del ZoppoG.J., Experimental antileukocyte interventions in cerebral ischemia. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 1996; 16: 1108–1119.
17.
NadareishviliZ.G.LiH.WrightV., Elevated proinflammatory CD4+CD28-lymphocytes and stroke recurrence and death. Neurology. 2004;63:1446–1451.
18.
BeckerKKindrickDReltonJWinnR. Antibody to the alpha4 integrin decreases infarct size in transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Stroke2001;32:206–211.
19.
LiWKashiwamuraSIUedaHSekiyamaAOkamuraH. Protection of CD8+ T cells from activation-induced cell death by IL-18. J Leukoc Biol. 2007.
20.
NeumannHSchmidtHCavalieAJenneDWekerleH. Major histocompatibility complex(MHC) class I gene expression in single neurons of the central nervous system: Differential regulation by interferon (IFN)-gamma and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha. J Exp Med1997; 185:305–316.
21.
ArumugamTVGrangerDNMattsonMP. Stroke and T-Cells. Neuromol. Med.2005;7:228–242.
22.
AmickJEYandoraKABellMJWisniewskiSRAdelsonPDCarcilloJA., The Thl versus Th2 cytokine profile in cerebrospinal fluid after severe traumatic brain injury in infants and children. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2001;2(3):260–264.
SairanenTCarpenOKarjalainen-LindsbergML. Evolution of cerebral tumor necrosis factor-alpha production during human ischemic stroke. Stroke2001;32:1750–1758.
25.
Morganti-KossmannMCRancanMStahelPFKossmannT. Inflammatory response in acute traumatic brain injury: A double-edged sword. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2002;8:101–105.
26.
AlanSMRothwellNJ. Cytokines and acute neurodegeneration. Nat Rev Neurosci2001;2:734–744.
27.
OffnerH.SubramanianS.ParkerS.M.AfentoulisM.E.VandenbarkA.A.HurnP.D.. Experimental stroke induces massive, rapid activation of the peripheral immune system. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 2006;26:654–665.
28.
SedgwickJDRimintonDSCysterJSKornerH. Tumor necrosis factor: A master-regulator of leukocyte movement, Immunol Today. 2000;21:110–113.
29.
BaroneFCArvinBWhiteRFMillerAWebbCLWilletteRNLyskoPGFeuersteinGZ, Tumor necrosis factor-alpha. A mediator of focal ischemic brain injury. Stroke1997;28:1233–1244.
30.
YangGYGongCQinZYeWMaoYBertzAL. Inhibition of TNFalpha attenuates infarct volume and ICAM-1 expression in ischemic mouse brain. NeuroReport. 1998;9:2131–2134.
31.
ShohamiEGinisIHallenbeckJM. Dual role of tumor necrosisfactor alpha in brain injury. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 1999;10:119–130.
32.
ArnettHAMasonJMarinoMSuzukiKMatsushimGKTingJP. TNF alpha promotes proliferation of oligodendrocyte progenitors and remyelination. Nat. Neurosci.2001;4:1116–1122.
33.
LenzlingerPMMorganti-KossmannMCLaurerHLMcIntoshTK. The duality of the inflammatory response to traumatic brain injury. Mol Neurobiol2001;24:169–181.
34.
YilmazGArumugamTVStokesKYGrangerDN. Role of T lymphocytes and interferon-y in ischemic stroke. Circulation2006; 113:2105–2112.
35.
PawateSShenQFanFBhatNR. Redox regulation of glial inflammatory response to lipopolysaccharide and interferon-gamma. J Neurosci Res. 2004;77:540–551.
36.
StrleKZhouJHShenWHBroussardSRJohnsonRWFreundGG. Interleukin-10 in the brain. Crit Rev Immunol2001;21:427–449.
37.
OoboshiHIbayashiSShichitaTKumaiTakadaJAgoT. Postischemic gene transfer of interleukin-10 protects against both focal and global brain ischemia. Circulation. 2005;111:913–919.
38.
PelidouSHKostulasNMatuseviciusDKivisakkPKostulasVLinkH. High levels of IL-10 secreting cells are present in blood in cerebrovascular diseases. Eur J Neurol1999;6:437–442.
39.
EmsleyHCTyrrellPJ. Inflammation and infection in clinical stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab2002;22: 1399–1419.
40.
ChenYHallenbeckJMRuetzlerCBolDThomasKBermanNEVogelSN. Overexpression of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 in the brain exacerbates ischemic brain injury and is associated with recruitment of inflammatory cells. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2003;23:748–755.
41.
GarauABertiniRColottaFCasilliFBiginiPCagnottoAMenniniTGhezziPVillaP. Neuroprotection with the CXCL8 inhibitor repertaxin in transient brain ischemia. Cytokine2005; 30: 125–131.
42.
SughrueMEMehraAConnollyESJrD'AmbrosioAL. Anti-adhesion molecule strategies as potential neuroprotective agents in cerebral ischemia: A critical review of the literature. Inflamm Res2004;53:497–508.
43.
BargatzeRFKurkSButcherECJutilaMA. Neutrophils roll on adherent neutrophils bound to cytokine-induced endothelial cells via L-selectin on the rolling cells. J. Exp Med1994;180:1785–1792.
44.
MoccoJChoudhriTHuangJHarfeldtEEfrosLKlingbeilC. HuEP5C7 as a humanized monoclonal anti-E/ P-selectin neurovascular protective strategy in a blinded placebocontrolled trial of nonhuman primate stroke. Circ Res. 2002;91:907–914.
45.
YenariMASunGHKunisDMOnleyDVexlerV. L-selectin inhibition does not reduce injury in a rabbit model of transient focal cerebral ischemia. Neurol Res2000;23:72–78.
46.
WangXFeuersteinGZ. Induced expression of adhesion molecules following focal brain ischemia. J. Neurotrauma1995;12:825–832.
47.
VemugantiRDempseyRJBowenKK. Inhibition of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 protein expression by antisense oligonucleotides is neuroprotective after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in rat. Stroke2004;35:179–184.
48.
ZhangLHWeiEQ. Neuroprotective effect of ONO-1078, a leukotriene receptor antagonist, on transient global cerebral ischemia in rats. Acta Pharmacol. Sin.2003;24:1241–1247.
49.
PeknyMNilssonM. Astrocyte activation and reactive gliosis. Glia. 2005;50:427–434
50.
DongYBenvenisteE.N.. Immune function of astrocytes. Glia. 2001;36:180–190.
51.
YepesMBrownSAMooreEG. A soluble Fn14-Fc decoy receptor reduces infarct volume in a murine model of cerebral ischemia. Am J Pathol2005;166:511–520.
52.
SairanenTCarpenOKarjalainen-LindsbergML. Evolution of cerebral tumor necrosis factor-alpha production during human ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2001;32:1750–1758.
53.
Morganti-KossmannMCRancanMStahelPFKossmannT. Inflammatory response in acute traumatic brain injury: A double-edged sword. Curr Opin Crit Care2002;8:101–105.
54.
SedgwickJDRimintonDSCysterJSKornerH. Tumor necrosis factor: A master-regulator of leukocyte movement, Immunol Today2000;21:110–113.
55.
YilmazG.ArumugamT.V.StokesK.Y.GrangerD.N.. Role of T lymphocytes and interferon-γ in ischemic stroke. Circulation. 2006;113: 2105–2112.
56.
AllanSMRothwellNJ. Inflammation in central nervous system injury. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser B Biol Sci2003;358:1669–1677.
57.
FassbenderKSchneiderSBertschTSchlueterDFatarMRagoschkeA. Temporal profile of release of interleukin-1beta in neurotrauma. Neurosci Lett2000;284:135–138.
58.
ArumugamTVGrangerDNMattsonMP. Stroke and T-Cells. Neuromol Med2005;7:228–242.