Infiltrating bladder tumour is becoming widespread and prognosis is poor, requiring immediate correct diagnosis and staging in order to plan suitable treatment. An excursus is made on both well-tried and recent or experimental diagnostic methods, with particular reference to the new urinary diagnostic tests and genetic markers.
PaulsonO.DenisL.OrikasaS.BartolucciA.BouffiouxC.HiraoY.JewettM.A.PaganoF.PontesJ.E.: Optimal staging procedures, including imaging, to define prognosis of bladder cancer. Int. J. Urol., 2 (suppl. 2): 1–7, 1995.
3.
PaganoF.BassiP.Prayer GaiettiT.MeneghiniA.MilaniC.ArtibaniW.GarbeglioA.: Results of contemporary radical cystectomy for invasive bladder cancer: a clinico-pathological study with an emphasis on the inadequacy of the tumour nodes and metastases classification. J. Urol., 145: 45–50, 1991.
4.
LeyhH.TreiberV.StenbergC.PansadoroV.PaganoF.BassiP.ConortP.Boccon GibodL.: European multicenter trial comparing the BTA Stat test to urine cytology in patients suspected of having bladder cancer. Eur. Urol., 33 (suppl. 1): 140, 1998.
5.
Bhargava SatwinderrS.ShankerD.PrestiJ.: Prospective evaluation of cytology and the bladder tumour antigen (BTA) test in the evaluation of patients with hematuria or history of bladder cancer. J. Urol., 157 (suppl. 4): 338, 1997.
6.
De VitaR.ForteD.MaggiF.EleuteriP.Di SilverioF.: Cellular DNA content and proliferative activity evaluated by flow cytometry versus histopathological and staging classification in human bladder tumours. Eur. Urol., 19: 65, 1991.
7.
SarosdyM.F.: Editorial: Data interpretation and integration of new tests into clinical practice. J. Urol., 1558: 2107–2108, 1997.
8.
MalmstromP.U.LonnemarkM.BuschC.Magnus-sonA.: Bladder cancer stadiation with deep transwall biopsy by tomography guide. Scand. J. Urol. Nephrol., 27: 193–198, 1993.
9.
SolowayM.S.PatelJ.P.: Surgical techniques for endoscopic resection of bladder cancer. Urol. Clin. North Am., 19: 467, 1992.
10.
WoodD.P.MontierJ.E.PontesJ.E.LevinH.S.: Transitional cell carcinoma of the prostate in bladder cancer patients: a prospective study. J. Urol., 142: 83–85, 1989.
11.
SolsonaE.IborraI.RicosJ.U.MonrosJ.L.DumontR.CasanovaJ.L.CalabuingC.MartorellM.: Prognostic value of p53 nuclear overexpression in patients with muscle invasive bladder cancer treated with bladder sparing approaches. Eur. Urol., 33 (suppl. 1): 141, 1998.
