Restricted accessResearch articleFirst published online 1995-2
Il follow-up longitudinale del paziente sottoposto a screening per carcinoma prostatico: Follow-up of patients submitted to screening for prostate cancer
Early-stage prostate cancer is usually asymptomatic and therefore, in the past, has often gone undetected, unless diagnosed by a digital rectal examination. Recently, in order to improve the detection of early stage disease, new tests have been introduced, namely prostate specific antigen and transrectal ultrasound. Considerable debate exists not only about the usefulness of the screening but also about the routine use of these tests. In this article the features of these tests, single or in combination are discussed, and how to perform follow-up of the patient already submitted to screening for prostatic carcinoma.
Moller-JensenO., EsteveJ., MollerH., RenardH.: Cancer in the European Community and its member states. Eur. J. Cancer., 26: 1167–1256, 1990.
2.
FiniM., VaglianiG., PerroneA..: Alcuni dati epidemiologici sul cancro della prostata nel comprensorio dell'USL n. 23 di Imola. Acta Urol. Ital. 1993, suppl.2: 89–90; Atti 66 Congr. Naz. S.I.U., 1993.
3.
JensenC.B., ShahonD.B., WangensteenO.H.: Evaluation of annual examinations in the detection of cancer: Special reference to cancer of the gastrointestinal tract, prostate, breast, and female reproductive tract. JAMA, 174: 1783–1788, 1960.
4.
GilbertsenV.A.: Cancer of the prostate gland: results of early diagnosis and therapy undertaken for cure of the disease. JAMA, 215: 81–84, 1976.
5.
FaulP.: Experience with the German annual preventive check-up examination. In: JacobiG.H., HohenfellnerR., eds. Prostate Cancer.Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, 57–70, 1982.
6.
ChodakC.W., KellerP., SchoenbergH.W.: Assessment for screening for prostate cancer using the digital rectal examination. J. Urol., 141: 1136–1138, 1989.
7.
VikhoP., KontturiM., LukkarinenO., ErvastiJ., VikhoR.: Screening for carcinoma of the prostate: Rectal examination, and enzymatic and radioimmunologic measurements of serum acid phosphatase compared. Cancer, 56: 173–177, 1985.
8.
WaalerG., LudvigsenT.C., RundenT.O., StenehjemE., OgreidP., ScheiO.M.: Digital rectal examination to screen for prostatic cancer. Eur. Urol., 15: 34–36, 1988.
9.
ThompsonI.M., ErnestJ.J., GangaiM.P., SpenceC.R.: Adenocarcinoma of the prostate: Results of routine urological screening. J. Urol., 132: 690–692, 1984.
10.
MuellerE.J., CrainT.W., ThompsonI.M., RodriquezF.R.: An evaluation of serial digital rectal examinations in screening for prostate cancer. J. Urol., 140: 1445–1447, 1988.
11.
PedersenK.V., CarlssonP., VarenhorstE., LofmanO., BerglundK.: Screening for carcinoma of the prostate by digital rectal examinations in a randomly selected population. Br. Med. J., 300: 1041–1044, 1990.
12.
LeeF., LittrupP.J., Torp-PedersenS.T..: Comparison of transrectal US and digital rectal examination for screening. Radiology, 168: 389–394, 1988.
13.
LeeF., Torp PedersenS.T., colland.: Transrectal ultrasound in the diagnosis and staging of prostatic carcinoma. Radiology, 170: 609–615, 1989.
14.
ChodakG.W., WaldV., colland.: Comparision of D.R.E. and T.R.U.S. for the diagnosis of prostatic cancer. J. Urol., 135: 951–55, 1989.
15.
VallancienG., PrapotnichD., colland.: Comparison of the efficacy of D.R.E. and T.R.U.S. in the diagnosis of prostatic cancer. Eur. Urol., 16: 321–24, 1989.
16.
Ballentine CarterH., HamperUlrike M., colland.: Evaluation of TRUS in the early detection of prostate cancer. J. Urol., 142: 1008–1010, 1989.
17.
PerrinP., MouriquandP., colland.: Diagnostic precoce du cancer de la prostate. Memoire - La presse Medicale, 1-12 Juillet, 18, n. 26, 1989.
18.
CoonerW.H., MosleyJ.H., colland.: Clinical application of TRUS and PSA in the search for prostate cancer. J. Urol., 139: 758–62, 1988.
19.
HodgeK.K., Mc NealJ.E., StameyT.A.: Ultrasound guided transrectal core biopsies of the palpably abnormal prostate. J. Urol., 142: 66–70, 1989.
20.
HudsonM.A., BahnsonR.B., CatalonaW.J.: Clinical use of prostate specific antigen in patients with prostate cancer. J. Urol., 142: 1011–1017, 1989.
21.
CoonerW.H., MosleyB.R., RutherfordC.L..: Prostate cancer detection in a clinical urologic practice by ultrasonography, digital rectal examination and prostate specific antigen. J. Urol., 143, 1146–1154, 1990.
22.
CatalonaW.J., SmithD.S., RatliffT.L..: Measurement of prostate specific antigen in serum as a screening test for prostate cancer. New Engl. J. Med., 324: 1156–1161, 1991.
23.
StameyT.A., YangN., HayA.R., McNealJ.E., FreihaF.S., RedwineE.: Prostate-specific antigen as a serum marker for adenocarcinoma of the prostate. N. Engl. J. Med., 317: 909–16, 1987.
24.
StameyT.A., KabalinJn.: Prostate specific antigen in the diagnosis and treatment of adenocarcinoma of the prostate: I. untreated patients. J. Urol., 141: 1070–5, 1989.
25.
BensonM.C., WhangI.S., OlssonC.A., McMahonD.J., CoonerW.H.: The use of prostate specific antigen density to enhance the predictive value of intermediate levels of serum prostate specific antigen. J. Urol., 147: 817–821, 1992.
26.
CarterH.B., PearsonJ.D., MetterJ..: Estimation of prostatic growth using serial prostate-specific antigen measurements in men with and without prostatic disease. JAMA, 267: 2215–2220, 1992.
27.
MettlinC., LeeF., DragoJ., MurphyG.P. and the investigators of the American Cancer Detection Project: Findings on the detection of early prostate cancer in 2425 men. Cancer, 67: 2949–2958, 1991.
28.
CoonerW.H., MosleyB.R., RutherfordC.L., BeardJ.H., PondH.S., TerryW.J., IgelT.C., KiddD.D.: Prostate cancer detection in a clinical urological practice by ultrasonography, digital rectal examination and prostate-specific antigen. J. Urol., 143: 1146–1152, 1990.
29.
BabaianR.J., MiysashitaH., EvansR.B., von EschenbachA.C., RamirezE.I.: Early detection program for prostate cancer: results and identification of high-risk patient population. Urology, 37: 193–1977, 1991.
30.
LeeF., Torp-PedersonS., LittrupP.J., McLearyR.D., McHughT.A., SmidA.P., StellaP.J., BorlazaG.S.: Hypoechoic lesions of the prostate: Clinical relevance of tumour size, digital rectal examination, and prostate-specific antigen. Radiology, 170: 29–32, 1989.
31.
BrawerM.K., ChetnerM.P., BeatieJ., BuchnerD.M., VesselaR.L., LangeP.H.: Screening for prostatic carcinoma with prostate specific antigen. J. Urol., 147: 841–845, 1992.
32.
BrawerM.K., BeatieJ., WenweM.H..: Screening for prostatic carcinoma with prostate specific antigen: results of the second year. J. Urol., 150: 106–109, 1993.
FiniM., VaglianiG.: Diagnosi precoce del cancro della prostata con E.R. + PSA in 1441 ultracinquantenni. Proceedings of Urotraining Advanced courses in Urology; Prostate Cancer: Hot Topics, Loano - March, 13-16th, 1994.
