Good clinical results may be achieved with electrical stimulation in many fields of medicine. After a long period of experimental research, electrical stimulation has gained an important role in Urology too. Surgically implanted devices have been utilized only in recent years to cure neurogenic bladder, while external electrical stimulation with portable devices for female incontinence is well-defined in literature. Direct stimulation of detrusor muscle and sphincter was abandoned but, nowadays, selective neurostimulation seems to be very effective. In this paper, the most important surgical techniques are reviewed. Even if some of them are no longer used, knowledge of them is probably important to a better understanding of present results and future possibilities.
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