Biomaterials are considered with an emphasis on those used in artificial organs. Attention is drawn to the importance of the polymeric biomaterials and factors which affect their properties. Functions of membranes, sorbents, blood tubing, ventricular diaphragms and cell culture substrates are examined in order to obtain a summary of fundamental properties. Observations are made on the importance of blood compatibility assessment and its association with a biomaterial structure-property relationship. Blood-biomaterial interactions are discussed in terms of an overall relationship between the three components –- blood, biomaterial and antithrombotic agent, with examples given of factors influencing each component. Cell-biomaterial interactions are examined in the areas of toxicity evaluation and the promotion of cell attachment and growth, where an overall relationship is described for the cell, growth medium and growth factors, and the biomaterial acting as a substrate.
CourtneyJ.M., GilchristT.Polymers in medicine. In: KenediR.M., ed. A textbook of biomedical engineering.Glasgow: Blackie, 1980; 77–111.
7.
JonesC., CourtneyJ.M., RobertsonL.M., BiggsM.S., LoweG.D.O.Influence of plasticised poly(vinyl chloride) on platelet adhesion and platelet aggregates.Int J Artif Org1989; 12: 466–70.
8.
BlassC.R., BiggsM.S., JonesC., CourtneyJ.M., LoweG.D.O.Blood response to plasticised poly(vinyl chloride).Plastics and rubber processing and applications. Plastics, Rubber and Composites Pressing and Applications1991; 15: 221–7.
9.
BiggsM.S., RobsonD.Advances in the development of extraction resistant flexible PVC compounds. In: ChielliniE., GiustiP., eds. Polymers in medicine.New York: Plenum, 1984; 375–87.
von SengbuschG., LemkeH.D., VienkenJ.Evolution of membrane technology: possibilities and consequences. In: GurlandH.J., ed. Uremia therapy.Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1987; 64–71.
12.
GurlandH.J.Therapeutic plasmapheresis: the road not yet taken. In: GurlandH.J., ed. Uremia therapy.Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1987; 64–71.
13.
GaylorJ.D.S.Membrane oxygenators: current developments in design and application.J Biomed Eng1988; 10: 541–7.
14.
ChangT.M.S.Applications of artificial cells in medicine and biotechnology.Biomat, Art Cells, Art Org1987; 15: 1–20.
15.
BehmE., FalkenhangenD., KlinkmannH., CourtneyJ.M.Novel approaches to blood purification. In: PaulJ.P., McCrudenA.B., SchuetzP.W., eds. The influence of new technology on medical practice.London: Macmillan, 1988; 75–82.
16.
RobertsonL.M.Blood compatibility of modified biomaterials: application of selected in vitro and ex vivo procedures.Glasgow: University of Strathclyde, 1988; 188 pp. Thesis.
17.
SevastianovV.I., ParfevV.M.Fatigue and hemocompatibility of polymer materials.Artif Organs1987; 11: 20–5.
18.
RuoslahtiE., HaymanE.G., PiersbacherM.D.Extracellular matrices and cell adhesion.Arteriosclerosis1985; 5: 581–94.
19.
SrivastavaS.Implantable collagen - based biomaterials: influence of polymer modification on cellular interactions.Glasgow: University of Strathclyde, 1988; 224 pp. Thesis.
20.
AndradeJ.D., ColemanD.L., DidisheimP., HansonS.R., MasonR., MerrillE.Blood — material interactions — 20 years of frustration.Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs1981; 27: 659–62.
ForbesC.D., CourtneyJ.M.Thrombosis and artificial surfaces. In: BloodA.L., ThomasD.P., eds. Haemostasis and thrombosis.Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone1987; 902–21.
23.
ChenowethD.E.Complement activation during hemodialysis: clinical observations, proposed mechanisms, and theoretical implications.Artif Organs1984; 8: 281–7.
24.
SchaeferR.M., HeidlandA., HörlW.H.Leukocyte elastase - a new marker of biocompatibility in hemodialysis. In: NoséY., KjellstrandC., IvanovichP., eds. Progress in artificial organs - 1985.Cleveland: ISAO Press, 1986; 966–8.
25.
IrvineL., TraversM., SimpsonK., LoweG.D.O., CourtneyJ.M.Influence of haemodialysis membranes on the release of granulocyte elastase.Int J Artif Org1989; 12: 502–4.
26.
IrvineL., SundaramS., CourtneyJ.M.Monitoring of factors XII activity and granulocyte elastase release during cardiopulmonary bypass.Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs1991; 37: 569–71.
27.
MosaS.M.Platelet behaviour in normal and uraemic stases: microscopy and platelet aggregation studies.Glasgow: University of Strathclyde, 1989; 147 pp. Thesis.
28.
PiskinE., EvrenV.Composite membranes for extracorporeal gas exchange.Life Support Systems1986; 4(suppl 1): 2–6.
29.
KlinkmannH.Falkenhagen D, Courtney JM. Clinical relevance of biocompatibility — the material cannot be divorced from the device. In: GurlandH.J., ed. Uremia therapy.Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1987; 125–38.
30.
KlinkmannH.Progress in artificial organs. In: PaulJ.P., BarbenelJ.C., CourtneyJ.M., KenediR.M., eds. Progress in bioengineering.Bristol: Adam Hilger, 1989; 7–12.
31.
CourtneyJ.M., TraversM., DouglasJ.T.Blood - membrane interactions: in vitro evaluation of the influence of membrane structure and antithrombotic agents. In: BarbenelJ.C., FisherA.C., GaylorJ.D.S., AngersonW.J., SheldonC.D., eds. Blood flow in artificial organs and cardiovascular prostheses.Oxford: Clarendon, 1989; 104–12.
32.
SrivastavaS., GorhamS.D., CourtneyJ.M.Screening of in vitro toxicity by the adhesive film test.Biomaterials1990; 11: 133–7.
33.
SrivastavaS., GorhamS.D., CourtneyJ.M.The attachment and growth of an established cell line on collagen, chemically modified collagen, and collagen composite surfaces.Biomaterials1990; 11: 162–8.
