When Hajnal (1982) argued that different types of household forma
tion rules determine whether fertility is adjusted to economic conditions in traditional
peasant societies, he deliberately ignored societies with stem family formation rules.
This study examines the relationship between household formation, fertility, and
family relations in such a society—eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Japan. It sum
marizes previous work on the history of the family in Japan and discusses the role
life-cycle service played in adjustingfertility to economic conditions.
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