Understanding Distraction Types: Comparative Analysis of In-Vehicle and External Driver Distractions in Pedestrian Fatal Crashes

Abstract

Distracted driving remains a significant public safety concern, contributing to numerous severe injuries and fatalities in the world. This study analyzes 8 years of Fatality Analysis Reporting System data (2016 to 2023) from the United States using association rule mining to identify patterns associated with various types of driver distractions, specifically distinguishing between external and in-vehicle distractions. The findings indicated that in-vehicle distractions were predominantly associated with young drivers, drug and alcohol use, daylight conditions, arterial roads, high-speed limits, sport utility vehicles, and vehicles of recent model years (2019 to 2024). In contrast, external distractions were more commonly linked to middle-aged and senior drivers, local roads, lower speed limits, dark and unlit conditions, trucks, vans, buses, and vehicles from earlier model years (1980 to 1995). The study recommends strengthening primary enforcement of distracted-driving laws. Since several distracted-driving laws target in-vehicle distractions such as the use of handheld electronic devices, it is imperative to promote advanced driver-assistance technologies in newer vehicles that can mitigate external distractions in addition to in-vehicle distractions. Additional measures include improving signage, fencing, roadside assistance, and visibility in low-light areas, alongside implementing age-targeted educational campaigns to address distraction risks across different driver groups.