To ensure the safety of Xi'an Metro operation and improve the level of operational safety risk management, a comprehensive evaluation model of operational safety risk of Xi'an Metro based on structural equation model (SEM)-matter-element extension model (MEA) was established based on 4M theory. Firstly, by analyzing both domestic and international Metro accident cases and literature, four risk factor perspectives were identified as personnel, equipment, management, and environment. Secondly, to accurately assess the safety risk of Xi'an Metro operation, a risk evaluation index system consisting of four primary indicators, eleven secondary indicators and forty-four observation points was established. Finally, the index weights were determined using structural equation modeling, and a comprehensive evaluation utilizing the Matter-element extension model was conducted to obtain precise safety evaluation results. The model was applied to Xi'an Metro Line 2, and the results indicated that the operational safety level of Xi'an Metro Line 2 is relatively secure. According to the evaluation results above, the findings align with the current conditions. Xi'an Metro operating company can utilize these results as a point of reference to propose measures that correspond to varying risks. This will effectively reduce safety risks and ensure the safe operation of Xi'an Metro.
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