Port emission reduction (PER) has attracted more and more attention, and promoting PER involves multiple stakeholders. Therefore, based on the evolutionary game theory, this paper establishes a tripartite evolutionary game model involving the government, port enterprise, and port residents, to explore the key variables affecting the implementation of emission reduction measures by the port enterprise. It is found that, in the initial stage of PER, because of the huge emission reduction cost, the government’s incentive policies and the potential losses brought by port residents’ supervision are the driving forces to promote the port enterprises to implement emission reduction measures. In the intermediate stage and mature stage of the development of PER, with the development of emission reduction technology, the emission reduction cost of port enterprises will be reduced, and the incremental income after emission reduction will gradually make up for part of the input cost. At this time, the government can reduce or even cancel relevant subsidies and finally withdraw from the market, and the willingness of port residents to choose supervision will be reduced, then the whole tripartite evolutionary game has reached an evolutionary stable state. In addition, we also provide some management insights for policymakers based on the results of sensitivity analysis of relevant parameters affecting the evolution path of the tripartite game.
KrämerI.CzermańskiE.Onshore Power One Option to Reduce Air Emissions in Ports. Sustainability Management Forum | NachhaltigkeitsManagementForum, Vol. 28, No. 1–2, 2020, pp. 13–20.
2.
ZhenL.ZhugeD.MurongL.YanR.WangS.Operation Management of Green Ports and Shipping Networks: Overview and Research Opportunities. Frontiers of Engineering Management, Vol. 6, No. 2, 2019, pp. 152–162.
3.
PerezN.PeyJ.RecheC.CortesJ.AlastueyA.QuerolX.Impact of Harbour Emissions on Ambient PM10 and PM2.5 in Barcelona (Spain): Evidences of Secondary Aerosol Formation Within the Urban Area. The Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 571, No. 1, 2016, pp. 237–250.
4.
SorteS.RodriguesV.BorregoC.MonteiroA.Impact of Harbour Activities on Local Air Quality: A Review. Environmental Pollution, Vol. 257, No. 1, 2020, pp. 1–9.
5.
TzannatosE.Cost Assessment of Ship Emission Reduction Methods at Berth: The Case of the Port of Piraeus, Greece. Maritime Policy & Management, Vol. 37, No. 4, 2010, pp. 427–445.
6.
AcciaroM.WilmsmeierG.Energy Efficiency in Maritime Logistics Chains. Research in Transportation Business & Management, Vol. 17, No. 1, 2015, pp. 1–7.
7.
AlamoushA. S.ÖlçerA. I.BalliniF.Port Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction: Port and Public Authorities’ Implementation Schemes. Research in Transportation Business & Management, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2021, pp. 1–18.
8.
ChenJ.BianW.WanZ.WangS.ZhengH.ChengC.Factor Assessment of Marine Casualties Caused by Total Loss. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, Vol. 47, No. 1, 2020, pp. 1–10.
9.
CamminP.YuJ.HeiligL.VoßS.Monitoring of Air Emissions in Maritime Ports. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, Vol. 87, No. 1, 2020, pp. 1–17.
10.
BaileyD.SolomonG.Pollution Prevention at Ports: Clearing the Air. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, Vol. 24, No. 7–8, 2004, pp. 749–774.
11.
ChatzinikolaouS. D.OikonomouS. D.VentikosN. P.Health Externalities of Ship Air Pollution at Port – Piraeus Port Case Study. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, Vol. 40, No. 1, 2015, pp. 155–165.
12.
DensbergerN. L.BachkarK.Towards Accelerating the Adoption of Zero Emissions Cargo Handling Technologies in California Ports: Lessons Learned from the Case of the Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach. Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 347, No. 1, 2022, pp. 1–12.
13.
DaiL.HuH.WangZ.Is Shore Side Electricity Greener? An Environmental Analysis and Policy Implications. Energy Policy, Vol. 137, No. 1, 2020, pp. 1–9.
14.
ChenG.GovindanK.GoliasM. M.Reducing Truck Emissions at Container Terminals in a Low Carbon Economy: Proposal of a Queueing-Based Bi-Objective Model for Optimizing Truck Arrival Pattern. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Vol. 55, No. 1, 2013, pp. 3–22.
15.
ZhangY.PengY.-q.WangW.GuJ.WuX.-j.FengX.-j.Air Emission Inventory of Container Ports’ Cargo Handling Equipment with Activity-Based “Bottom-Up” Method. Advances in Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 9, No. 7, 2017, pp. 1–9.
16.
ÖlçerA.BalliniF.The Development of a Decision Making Framework for Evaluating the Trade-Off Solutions of Cleaner Seaborne Transportation. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, Vol. 37, No. 1, 2015, pp. 150–170.
17.
ChangY.-T.ParkH.LeeS.KimE.Have Emission Control Areas (ECAs) Harmed Port Efficiency in Europe?Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, Vol. 58, No. 1, 2018, pp. 39–53.
18.
ParkH.ChangY.-T.ZouB.Emission Control Under Private Port Operator Duopoly. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Vol. 114, No. 1, 2018, pp. 40–65.
19.
PsaraftisH. N.KontovasC. A.Balancing the Economic and Environmental Performance of Maritime Transportation. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, Vol. 15, No. 8, 2010, pp. 458–462.
20.
ZhongH.HuZ.YipT. L.Carbon Emissions Reduction in China’s Container Terminals: Optimal Strategy Formulation and the Influence of Carbon Emissions Trading. Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 219, No. 1, 2019, pp. 518–530.
21.
TichavskaM.TovarB.GritsenkoD.JohanssonL.JalkanenJ. P.Air Emissions from Ships in Port: Does Regulation Make a Difference?Transport Policy, Vol. 75, No. 1, 2019, pp. 128–140.
22.
AlamoushA. S.BalliniF.OlcerA. I.Ports’ Technical and Operational Measures to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emission and Improve Energy Efficiency: A Review. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 160, No. 1, 2020, pp. 1–21.
23.
LamJ. S. L.NotteboomT.The Greening of Ports: A Comparison of Port Management Tools Used by Leading Ports in Asia and Europe. Transport Reviews, Vol. 34, No. 2, 2014, pp. 169–189.
24.
BlingeM.Policy Measures to Realise Green Corridors — A Stakeholder Perspective. Research in Transportation Business & Management, Vol. 12, No. 1, 2014, pp. 55–62.
25.
ShengD.LiZ.-C.FuX.GillenD.Modeling the Effects of Unilateral and Uniform Emission Regulations Under Shipping Company and Port Competition. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Vol. 101, No. 1, 2017, pp. 99–114.
26.
ZhengS.GeY.-E.FuX.NieY.XieC.Modeling Collusion-Proof Port Emission Regulation of Cargo-Handling Activities Under Incomplete Information. Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Vol. 104, No. 1, 2017, pp. 543–567.
27.
ParkK. H.ChangY.-T.LamJ. S. L.Optimal Emission Control Under Public Port Rivalry: A Comparison of Competitive and Cooperative Policy. Maritime Transport Research, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2020, pp. 1–10.
28.
LiY.LiJ.GongY.WeiF.HuangQ.CO2 Emission Performance Evaluation of Chinese Port Enterprises: A Modified Meta-Frontier Non-Radial Directional Distance Function Approach. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, Vol. 89, No. 1, 2020, pp. 1–19.
29.
TsengP.-H.NgM.Assessment of Port Environmental Protection in Taiwan. Maritime Business Review, Vol. 6, No. 2, 2020, pp. 188–203.
30.
InnesA.MoniosJ.Identifying the Unique Challenges of Installing Cold Ironing at Small and Medium Ports – The Case of Aberdeen. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, Vol. 62, No. 1, 2018, pp. 298–313.
31.
LiuJ.YinY.YanS.Research on Clean Energy Power Generation-Energy Storage-Energy Using Virtual Enterprise Risk Assessment Based on Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process in China. Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 236, No. 1, 2019, pp. 1–14.
32.
GeerlingsH.van DuinR.A New Method for Assessing CO2-Emissions from Container Terminals: A Promising Approach Applied in Rotterdam. Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 19, No. 6–7, 2011, pp. 657–666.
33.
JonathanY. C. E.KaderS. B. A.Prospect of Emission Reduction Standard for Sustainable Port Equipment Electrification. International Journal of Engineering. Transactions B: Applications, Vol. 31, No. 8, 2018, pp. 1347–1355.
34.
Martínez-MoyaJ.Vazquez-PajaB.Gimenez MaldonadoJ. A.Energy Efficiency and CO2 Emissions of Port Container Terminal Equipment: Evidence from the Port of Valencia. Energy Policy, Vol. 131, No. 1, 2019, pp. 312–319.
35.
KumarJ.KumpulainenL.KauhaniemiK.Technical Design Aspects of Harbour Area Grid for Shore to Ship Power: State of the Art and Future Solutions. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, Vol. 104, No. 1, 2019, pp. 840–852.
36.
OzturkM.JaberM.ImranM. A.Energy-Aware Smart Connectivity for IoT Networks: Enabling Smart Ports. Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, Vol. 2018, No. 1, 2018, pp. 1–11.
37.
HouJ.Dynamic Energy Consumption and Emission Modelling of Container Terminal Based on Multi Agents. MATEC Web of Conferences, Vol. 124, No. 1, 2017, pp. 1–6.
38.
TsaiY.-T.LiangC.-J.HuangK.-H.HungK.-H.JhengC.-W.LiangJ.-J.Self-Management of Greenhouse Gas and Air Pollutant Emissions in Taichung Port, Taiwan. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, Vol. 63, No. 1, 2018, pp. 576–587.
39.
PengY.WangW.SongX.ZhangQ.Optimal Allocation of Resources for Yard Crane Network Management to Minimize Carbon Dioxide Emissions. Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 131, No. 1, 2016, pp. 649–658.
40.
SubaşıE.Doğan-SağlamtimurN.Performance Evaluation of the Martaş Port Waste Reception Facility Treatment Plant (Tekirdağ, Turkey). Desalination and Water Treatment, Vol. 51, No. 13–15, 2013, pp. 3040–3046.
41.
ZhaoX.LiuL.DiZ.XuL.Subsidy or Punishment: An Analysis of Evolutionary Game on Implementing Shore-Side Electricity. Regional Studies in Marine Science, Vol. 48, No. 1, 2021, pp. 1–11.
42.
JiangB.WangX.XueH.LiJ.GongY.An Evolutionary Game Model Analysis on Emission Control Areas in China. Marine Policy, Vol. 118, No. 1, 2020, pp. 1–10.
43.
XuL.DiZ.ChenJ.ShiJ.YangC.Evolutionary Game Analysis on Behavior Strategies of Multiple Stakeholders in Maritime Shore Power System. Ocean & Coastal Management, Vol. 202, 2021, p. 105508.
44.
ChenJ.XiongW.XuL.DiZ.Evolutionary Game Analysis on Supply Side of the Implement Shore-to-Ship Electricity. Ocean & Coastal Management, Vol. 215, 2021, p. 106926.
45.
FriedmanD.Evolutionary Games in Economics. Econometrica, Vol. 59, No. 3, 1991, pp. 637–666.
46.
FriedmanD.On Economic Applications of Evolutionary Game Theory. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, Vol. 8, No. 1, 1998, pp. 15–43.
47.
JiangK.YouD.MerrillR.LiZ.Implementation of a Multi-Agent Environmental Regulation Strategy Under Chinese Fiscal Decentralization: An Evolutionary Game Theoretical Approach. Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 214, No. 1, 2019, pp. 902–915.
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
