This paper analyses the capital adequacy provisions introduced by the Reserve Bank of Australia from September, 1988 and examines its initial application to three major Australian banks. This risk-adjusted capital adequacy ratio is partial in its coverage and thus a misleading measure of total bank risk. As well, it may distort the allocation of credit. An alternative approach based on option pricing theory is considered.
Bank of England, 1987, Agreed proposal of the United States Federal Banking Supervisory Authorities and the Bank of England on primary capital and capital adequacy assessment, Bank of England Quarterly Bulletin, 27, 87–93.
2.
Benston, G.J., R.A. Eisenbeis, P.M. Horvitz, E.J. Kane, and G.G. Kaufman, 1986, Perspectives on Safe and Sound Banking: Past, Present and Future (Cambridge, Ma., MIT Press).
3.
Black, F. and M. Scholes, 1973, The pricing of options and corporate liabilities, Journal of Political Economy, 81, 3, 637–654.
4.
Brady, N.J., 1987, Regulation and risk management in the swaps market, Address to Swaps Conference, Sydney, 8–9 October.
5.
Brickley, J.A. and C.M. James, 1986, Access to deposit insurance, insolvency rules and the stock returns of financial institutions, Journal of Financial Economics, 16, 3, 345–371.
6.
Buser, S.A., A.H. Chen, and E.J. Kane, 1981, Federal deposit insurance, regulatory policy, and optimal bank capital, Journal of Finance, 36, 1, 51–60.
7.
Committee on Banking Regulations and Supervisory Practices, 1988, International Convergence of Capital Measurement and Capital Standards (Basle, Bank for International Settlements).
8.
Commonwealth Bank Group, 1989, Annual Report.
9.
Copeland, T.E. and J.F. Weston, 1983, Financial Theory and Corporate Policy (Reading, Ma., Addison-Wesley Publishing Company) 2nd Ed.
10.
Cukierman, A., 1986, Central bank behaviour and credibility: some recent theoretical developments, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review, 68, 5, 5–17.
11.
Das, S., 1989, Swap credit exposure: a regulatory perspective, The Australian Banker, 103, 3, 108–113.
12.
Goodfriend, M., 1986, Monetary mystique: secrecy and central banking, Journal of Monetary Economics, 17, 1, 63–92.
13.
Gross, E., W.P. Hogan and I.G. Sharpe, 1988, Market infor Mation and potential insolvency of Australian financial institutions, Australian Economic Papers, 27, 50, 44–64.
14.
Hogan, W.P. and I.G. Sharpe, 1988, Market discipline, risk and bank prudential regulation and supervision in Australia, Centre for Applied Economic Research Paper No. 26, March, University of New South Wales, Kensington.
15.
Hogan, W.P. and I.G. Sharpe, 1989, Bank Capital Adequacy in Australia, School of Banking and Finance Working Paper No. 25, University of New South Wales, Kensington.
16.
Kim, D. and A.M. Santomero, 1988, Risk in banking and capital regulation, Journal of Finance, 43, 5, 1219–1233.
17.
Kotowitz, L., 1987, Moral hazard, in: J. Eatwell, M. Milgate and P. Newman, eds., The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics (London, Macmillan) Vol.3, 549–551.
18.
Marcus, A.J. and I. Shaked, 1984, The valuation of FDIC deposit insurance using option pricing estimates, Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 16, 4, 446–460.
19.
Merton, R.C., 1977, An analytic derivation of the cost of deposit insurance and loan guarantees, Journal of Banking and Finance, 1, 1, 3–11.
20.
Moulton, J.M., 1987, New guidelines for bank capital: an attempt to reflect risk, Philadelphia Federal Reserve Bank Business Review, July/August, 19–33.
21.
Pecchioli, R.M., 1987, Prudential Supervision in Banking (Paris, Organisation for Economic Coöperation and Development).
22.
Pennacchi, G.C., 1987, The reëxamination of the over- (or under-) pricing of deposit insurance, Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 19, 3, 340–360.
23.
Pyle, D.H., 1986, Capital regulation and deposit insurance, Journal of Banking and Finance, 10, 2, 189–201.
24.
Report of the Review Group, 1983, Australian Financial System (Canberra, Australian Government Publishing Service).
25.
Reserve Bank of Australia, 1985, Prudential supervision of banks, Reserve Bank of Australia Bulletin, February, 483–492.
26.
Reserve Bank of Australia, 1986, Supervision of capital adequacy of banks, Reserve Bank of Australia Bulletin, September, 22–23.
27.
Reserve Bank of Australia, 1987, Gearing arrangements for authorised money market dealers, Reserve Bank of Australia Bulletin, March, 18–19.
28.
Reserve Bank of Australia, 1988a, Capital adequacy of banks, Press Release No. 88–21, and Supplement: Risk-based measurement of capital adequacy of banks, August.
29.
Reserve Bank of Australia, 1988b, Capital adequacy of banks, Explanatory Memorandum, August.
30.
Ronn, E.I. and A.K. Verma, 1986, Pricing risk-adjusted deposit insurance: an option-based model, Journal of Finance, 41, 4, 871–895.
31.
Ronn, E.I. and A.K. Verma, 1989, Risk-based capital adequacy standards for a sample of 43 major banks, Journal of Banking and Finance, 13, 1, 21–29.
32.
Schaefer, S.M., 1987, The design of bank regulation and supervision: some lessons from the theory of finance, in: R. Portes and A.K. Swoboda eds., Threats to International Financial Stability (Cambridge, Ma., Cambridge University Press).
33.
Sharpe, W.F., 1978, Bank capital adequacy, deposit insurance, and security values, Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 13, 4, 701–718.
34.
Thompson, I., 1989, Capital adequacy—strategies for reducing the cost of borrowings, Paper presented at the 1989 Banking Industry Conference, Sydney, May 22.
35.
Twomey, J., 1989, Capital adequacy—the impact of change, Paper presented at the 1989 Banking Industry Conference, Sydney, May 22.