Anti-immigrant racism has become a prominent issue in Northern Ireland since 1998. It is an issue that is routinely understood and tackled through a ‘race relations’ framework. The first part of this article outlines and discusses the data on immigration and on recorded racist incidents in Northern Ireland, within a race relations framework. The second part of the article argues that the race relations framework is inherently limited because it treats racism as a crime to be punished, rather than as a manifestation of contradictions within capitalism as a social system.
ByrneJ and INTERCOMM (2013) Flags and Protests : Exploring the Views, Perceptions and Experiences of People Directly and Indirectly Affected by the Flag Protests. Belfast: ICR.
5.
CAJ. (1992) Racism in Northern Ireland. Belfast: CAJ.
6.
CampbellDFreyJ (2010) Migrant Workers and the Housing Market: A Case Study of Dungannon. Belfast: Northern Ireland Housing Executive.
CorballyJ (2015) The Othered Irish: Shades of difference in Post-War Britain, 1948-71. Contemporary European History24(1): 105–125.
10.
CoulterC (1999) The absence of class politics in Northern Ireland. Capital & Class69: 77–100.
11.
CrangleJ (2018) ‘Left to fend for themselves’: Immigration, race relations and the state in twentieth century Northern Ireland. Immigrants & Minorities36: 20–44.
12.
DickeyA (1972) Anti-incitement legislation in Britain and Northern Ireland. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies1: 133–138.
HainsworthP (1998) Divided Society: Ethnic Minorities and Racism in Northern Ireland. London: Pluto Press.
20.
HallidayDFergusonN (2016) When peace is not enough: The flag protests, the politics of identity & belonging in East Belfast. Irish Political Studies31(4): 525–540.
21.
HeartyK (2014) The great awakening? The Belfast flag protests and protestant/unionist/loyalist counter-memory in Northern Ireland. Irish Political Studies30(2): 157–177.
22.
HickmanM (1998) Reconstructing deconstructing ‘race’: British political discourses about the Irish in Britain. Ethnic and Racial Studies21(2): 288–307.
23.
HickmanM (2000) ‘Binary opposites’ or ‘unique neighbours’? The Irish in multi-ethnic Britain. Political Quarterly71: 50–58.
24.
HickmanMCrowleyHMaiN (2008) Immigration and Social Cohesion in the UK: The Rhythms and Realities of Everyday Life. York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation.
25.
IrwinGDunnS (1997) Ethnic Minorities in Northern Ireland. Coleraine: University of Ulster.
26.
JarmanNMonaghanR (2003) Racist Harassment in Northern Ireland. Belfast: OFMDFM.
27.
KaufmannE (2017) ‘Racial Self-Interest’ Is Not Racism: Ethno-Demographic Interests and the Immigration Debate. London: Policy Exchange.
28.
KrausovaAVargas-SilvaC (2014) Northern Ireland: Census Profile (Migration Observatory briefing). Oxford: The Migration Observatory.
29.
LammyD (2017) The Lammy Review: An Independent Review into the Treatment Of, and Outcomes For, Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic Individuals in the Criminal Justice System. London: House of Commons.
30.
LatifNMartynowiczA (2009) Our Hidden Borders: The UK Border Agency’s Powers of Detention. Belfast: Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission.
31.
LentinRMcVeighR (2006) After Optimism? Ireland, Racism and Globalisation. Dublin: Metro Eireann.
McGarryAHainsworthPGilliganC (2008) Elected Representatives/Political Parties and Minority Ethnic Communities in Northern Ireland. Derry/Londonderry: INCORE.
34.
McGovernM (2000) Irish republicanism and the potential pitfalls of pluralism. Capital & Class71: 133–161.
McVeighR (1998) ‘There’s no racism because there’s no Black people here’: Racism and anti-racism in Northern Ireland. In: HainsworthP (ed.) Divided Society: Ethnic Minorities and Racism in Northern Ireland. London: Pluto Press, pp. 11–32.
38.
McVeighR (2015) Living the peace process in reverse: Racist violence and British nationalism in Northern Ireland. Race & Class56(4): 3–25.
39.
Mann-KlerD (1997) Out of the Shadows: An Action Research Report into Families, Racism and Exclusion in Northern Ireland. Belfast: Barnardos.
PotterMHamiltonJ (2014) Picking on vulnerable migrants: Precarity and the mushroom industry in Northern Ireland. Work, Employment & Society28(3): 390–406.
44.
PSNI (2005) Trends in Hate Motivated Incidents and Crimes Recorded by the Police in Northern Ireland 2002/03 to 2004/05. Belfast: PSNI.
45.
PSNI (2018) Trends in Hate Motivated Incidents and Crimes Recorded by the Police in Northern Ireland 2004/05 to 2017/18. Belfast: PSNI.
ShirlowPMurtaghB (2006) Belfast: Segregation, Violence and the City. London: Pluto Press.
48.
SivanandanA (1982) A Different Hunger: Writings on Black Resistance. London: Pluto Press.
49.
StewartPGarveyBMcKearneyT (2013) Alternative trade union organizing of migrant workers in Northern Ireland in the wake of the Good Friday Agreement. Warsaw Forum of Economic Sociology1(7): 91–108.
50.
ToddJRuaneJ (2012) Beyond inequality? Assessing the impact of fair employment, affirmative action and equality measures on conflict in Northern Ireland. In: BrownGLangerAStewartF (eds) Affirmative Action in Plural Societies. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 182–208.
