Lightweight composite materials are crucial in various fields, including aerospace, automotive, marine and both military and civilian structural applications, due to their exceptional specific strength, corrosion resistance, wear resistance and high energy absorption capabilities. These structures often face potential impact loads from accidental or manmade sources during their service life, necessitating a thorough evaluation of their performance under such conditions to minimize damage. This review paper aims to examine both experimental and numerical studies focussed on the ballistic response of targets made from natural fibres (such as jute, hemp and kenaf) and synthetic fibres (including Kevlar, UHMWPE, carbon and glass). Additionally, the configuration of laminated fibre targets has been varied into mono, dual and hybrid forms (fibre/fibre, fibre/metal, fibre/ceramic). Most researchers have utilized pneumatic guns or free-fall weight impactors for impact testing, while numerical investigations have employed finite element method (FEM) codes like LS-DYNA, ANSYS and AUTODYN. For numerical simulations, various damage models, including Chang-Chang, Hashin, JHB, JH-1 and JH-2, have been utilized. The primary failure modes of the composite target materials under projectile impact include matrix failure, fibre breakage and delamination. The performance of different targets has been assessed based on metrics such as residual velocity, ballistic limit velocity, energy absorption and associated failure modes. This review study aims to contribute to the development of new lightweight fibre-based composite vests designed to withstand ballistic impacts, emphasizing high energy absorption capacity, cost-effectiveness and superior mechanical properties.
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