This investigation aims to perform a detailed natural frequency analysis of functionally graded porous beams integrated with transverse (d31) and shear (d15) piezoelectric layers under short circuit and open circuit electrical conditions. It is assumed that the core layer is made of functionally graded materials containing porosities. Due to the existence of internal pores, the mechanical properties of functionally graded materials are considered according to the modified power-law rule which includes the effect of porosity. The distribution of electric potential within the d31 and d15 piezoelectric layers is modeled based on nonlinear variation for both short circuit and open circuit conditions. Employing the classical, the first-order, and the higher-order beam theories incorporated with the virtual work principle as well as Maxwell’s equation, the electromechanical equations of motion are derived. The governing equations are then solved analytically for simply supported boundary condition and a parametric study is presented. After validation of the results, some new interesting conclusions covering the effects of porosity volume fraction, porosity distribution, various piezoelectricity modes, power-law index, and the beam theories on short circuit and open circuit resonance frequencies are reported. It is believed that the presented numerical results could provide a benchmark to check the accuracy of the approximated approaches.
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