The measurement of residual stresses is of great importance in the glass industry. The analysis of residual stresses in the glass is usually carried out by photoelastic methods since the glass is a photoelastic material. This article considers the determination of membrane residual stresses of glass plates by digital photoelasticity. In particular, it presents a critical assessment concerning the automated methods based on gray-field polariscope, spectral content analysis, phase shifting, RGB photoelasticity, “test fringes” methods and “tint plate” method. These methods can effectively automate manual methods currently specified in some standards.
AbenHGuillemetC. Photoelasticity of glass. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1993.
2.
McKenzieHWHandRJ. Basic optical stress measurement in glass. Sheffield: Society of Glass Technology, 1999.
3.
RednerASVoloshinAS. Surface and edge stress in tempered glass. In: Proceedings of the 9th international conference on experimental mechanics, vol. 2, Copenhagen, 20–24 August 1990, pp.884–891. Danmarks Tekniske Højskole: Afdelingen for Bærende Konstruktioner.
ASTM 1279. Standard test method for non-destructive photoelastic measurement of edge and surface stresses in annealed, heat-strengthened, and fully tempered flat glass. In: Annual book of ASTM standards. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
6.
ASTM C978. Standard test method for photoelastic determination of residual stress in a transparent glass matrix using a polarizing microscope and optical retardation compensation procedures. In: Annual book of ASTM standards. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
7.
ASTM F218. Standard method for analyzing stress in glass. In: Annual book of ASTM standards. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
8.
ASTM C148. Standard test method for polariscopic examination of glass containers. In: Annual book of ASTM standards. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
9.
UNI 7220:1997. Contenitori di vetro—Rilievo delle tensioni residue. Milano: UNI (in Italian).
LesniakJRZickelMJ. Applications of automated grey-field polariscope. In: Proceedings of the SEM spring conference on experimental and applied mechanics, Houston, TX, 1–3 June 1998, pp.298–301. Bethel, CT: Society for Experimental Mechanics.
17.
CalvertGLesniakJRHonletM. Applications of modern automated photoelasticity to industrial problem. Insight2002; 44(2): 224–228.
SanfordRJ. On the range of accuracy of spectrally scanned white light photoelasticity. In: Proceedings of the SEM spring conference on experimental mechanics, New Orleans, LA, 8–13 June 1986, pp.901–908. Bethel, CT: Society for Experimental Mechanics.
20.
SanfordRJIyengarV. The measurement of the complete photoelastic fringe order using a spectral scanner. In: Proceedings of the SEM conference on experimental mechanics, Las Vegas, NV, 9–14 June 1985, pp.160–168. Bethel, CT: Society for Experimental Mechanics.
21.
VoloshinASRednerAS. Automated measurement of birefringence: development and experimental evaluation of the techniques. Exp Mech1989; 29(3): 252–257.
22.
RednerA. Automated measurement of edge stress in automotive glass. In: Proceedings of the conference on glass processing days, Tampere, 15–18 June 2003, pp.578–599. Tamglass.
23.
AjovalasitAPetrucciGScafidiM. Measurement of edge residual stresses in glass by the phase shifting method. Opt Laser Eng2011; 49(5): 652–657.
24.
AbenHAinolaLAntonJ. Half-fringe phase-stepping with separation of the principal stress directions. Proc Est Acad Sci: Eng1999; 5(3): 198–211.
25.
BattagliaSAjovalasitAPetrucciG. Analisi fotoelastica delle tensioni residue nel vetro. Rivista della Stazione Sperimentale del Vetro2010; 40(3): 19–31 (in Italian).
26.
AjovalasitAPetrucciGScafidiM. RGB photoelasticity applied to the analysis of membrane residual stress in glass. Meas Sci Technol2012; 23(2): 025601.
27.
AjovalasitAPetrucciGScafidiM. Analisi delle tensioni residue nel vetro mediante la fotoelasticità con frange di riferimento. In: Proceedings of the 40th AIAS national congress, Palermo, 7–10 September 2011 (in Italian). AIAS.
28.
AjovalasitAPetrucciGScafidiM. Photoelastic analysis of edge residual stresses in glass by automated “test fringes” methods. Exp Mech2012; 52(8): 1057–1066.
29.
LavradorMBSoaresACCVieiraRD. Automated inspection of residual stresses in glass using RGB photoelasticity. In: Proceedings of the SEM spring conference on experimental and applied mechanics, Houston, TX, 1–3 June 1998. Bethel, CT: Society for Experimental Mechanics.
30.
AjovalasitAPetrucciGScafidiM. Photoelastic analysis of edge residual stresses in glass by the automated tint plate method. Exp Techniques. Epub ahead of print 19February2013. DOI: 10.1111/ext.12017.
31.
HaakeSJPattersonEA. The dispersion of birefringence in photoelastic materials. Strain1993; 29: 3–7.
32.
CloudG. Optical methods of engineering analysis. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
33.
AjovalasitAPetrucciGScafidiM. Phase shifting photoelasticity in white light. Opt Laser Eng2007; 45(5): 596–611.
34.
RednerASNickolaWE. Measurement of residual strains and stresses in transparent materials. Exp Techniques1984; 8(2): 29–32.
35.
HaakeSJPattersonEA. Photoelastic analysis using a full field spectral contents analyser. In: Proceedings of the SEM conference on experimental mechanics, Grand Rapids, MI, 12–14 June 1995, pp.342–345. Bethel, CT: Society for Experimental Mechanics.
36.
IvanovaLNechevG. A method for investigation of the residual stressed in glasses with spectral polariscope. In: Proceedings of the 9th international conference on experimental mechanics, Copenhagen, 20–24 August 1990, vol. 2, pp.876–883. Danmarks Tekniske Højskole: Afdelingen for Bærende Konstruktioner.
37.
SanfordRJMcGinnisA. New method for measuring low level birefringence using a spectra scanner. In: Proceedings of the 37th international instrumentation symposium, San Diego, CA, 5–9 May 1991, pp.1029–1041. Durham, NC: Instrument Society of America.
38.
AjovalasitABaroneSPetrucciG. Toward RGB photoelasticity: full field photoelasticity in white light. Exp Mech1995; 35: 193–200.
39.
RameshKDeshmukhSS. Three fringe photoelasticity—use of colour image processing hardware to automate ordering of isochromatics. Strain1996; 32(3): 79–86.
40.
AjovalasitAPetrucciGScafidiM. RGB photoelasticity: review and improvements. Strain2010; 46(2): 137–147.
41.
HeckerFWMorcheB. Computer-aided measurement of relative retardations in plane photoelasticity. In: WieringaH (ed.) Experimental stress analysis. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1986, pp.535–542.
42.
PattersonEAWangZF. Towards full field automated photoelastic analysis of complex components. Strain1991; 27(2): 49–56.
43.
BaroneSBurriesciGPetrucciG. Computer aided photoelasticity by an optimum phase stepping method. Exp Mech2002; 42(2): 132–139.
44.
AjovalasitABaroneSPetrucciG. The influence of the quarter wave plates in automated photoelasticity. Opt Laser Eng2002; 38: 31–56.
45.
AsundiA. Phase shifting in photoelasticity. Exp Techniques1993; 17: 19–23.
46.
ChakrabartiSKMachinKE. Accuracy of compensation methods in photoelastic fringe-order measurements. Exp Mech1969; 9(8): 429–431.
47.
CoelhoJMSilvaCAlmeidaT. Stress analysis in glass artwork. Int J Opt2011; 2011: 215404 (7 pp.).
48.
MadhuKRPrasathRGRRameshK. Colour adaptation in three fringe photoelasticity. Exp Mech2007; 47(2): 271–276.
49.
KaleSRameshK. Advancing front scanning approach for three-fringe photoelasticity. Opt Laser Eng2013; 51(5): 592–599.
50.
QuirogaJAGarcia-BotellaAGomez-PedreroJA. Improved method for isochromatic demodulation by RGB calibration. Appl Optics2002; 41(17): 3461–3468.
51.
MadhuKRRameshK. Noise removal in three fringe photoelasticity by adaptive colour difference estimation. Opt Laser Eng2007; 45(1): 175–182.
52.
NaveenYARameshKRamakrishnanV. Use of carrier fringes in the evaluation of edge residual stresses in a glass plate by photoelasticity. In: Joint international conference on ISEM-ACEM-SEM-7th ISEM’ 2012, Taipei, paper/J106, http://www.isem2012.tw/full_paper/J106.pdf
