Digital photoelasticity has rapidly progressed in the last few years and has matured into an industry-friendly technique. This review thematically classifies all the developments in digital photoelasticity and highlights the relative merits and drawbacks of the various techniques. The overall objective is to provide enough information and guidance to allow an end-user to make an informed choice on the type of technique to be used in a particular situation.
QuanC.Bryanston-CrossP. J.JudgeT. R.Photoelasticity stress analysis using carrier fringe and FFT techniques. Opt. Lasers Engng, 1993, 18(2), 79–108.
6.
MorimotoY.MorimotoY.JrHayashiT.Separation of isochromatics and isoclinics using Fourier transform. Exp. Tech., 1994, 18(5), 13–17.
7.
NgT. W.Photoelastic stress analysis using an object step loading method. Exp. Mech., 1997, 37, 137–141.
8.
AjovalasitA.ZuccarelloB.Limitation of Fourier transform photoelasticity: influence of isoclinics. Exp. Mech., 2000, 40, 384–392.
9.
ZuccarelloB.TripoliG.Photoelastic stress pattern analysis using Fourier transform with carrier fringes: influence of quarterwave plate error. Opt. Lasers Engng, 2002, 37, 401–416.
10.
AjovalasitA.PitarresiG.ZuccarelloB.Limitation of carrier fringe methods in digital photoelasticity. Opt. Lasers Engng, 2007, 45, 631–636.
11.
PattersonE. A.JiW.WangZ. F.On image analysis for birefringence measurement in photoelasticity. Opt. Lasers Engng, 1997, 28(1), 17–36.
12.
RameshK.MangalS. K.Data acquisition techniques in digital photoelasticity: a review. Opt. Lasers Engng, 1998, 30(1), 53–75; errata, ibid, 1999, 31, 85.
13.
AjovalasitA.BaroneS.PetrucciG.A review of automated methods for the collection and analysis of photoelastic data. J. Strain Anal. EngngDes., 1998, 33(2), 75–91.
14.
RameshK.Digital photoelasticity – current trends and future possibilities. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Computers & experimental engineering and sciences, Chennai India, 2005, pp. 2159–2164 (Tech Science Press, Forsyth, USA). 1-6 December, 2005
15.
AsundiA.Phase-shifting in photoelasticity. Exp. Tech., 1993, 17(1), 19–23.
16.
HeckerF. W.MorcheB.Computer-aided measurement of relative retardations in plane photoelasticity. In Experimental stress analysis (Ed. WieringaH.), 1986, pp. 535–542 (Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht, The Netherlands).
17.
KiharaT.Automatic whole-field measurement of photoelasticity using linear polarised incident light. In Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Experimental mechanics, Copenhagen, Denmark, 1990, vol. 2, pp. 821–827. 20-24 August 1990.
18.
PattersonE. A.WangZ. F.Towards full field automated photoelastic analysis of complex components. Strain, 1991, 27(2), 49–56.
19.
SarmaV. S. S. S. R.PillaiS. A.SubramanianG.VaradanT. K.Computerized image processing for whole-field determination of isoclinics and isochromatics. Exp. Mech., 1992, 32(1), 24–29.
20.
RameshK.GanapathyV.Phase-shifting methodologies in photoelastic analysis – the application of Jones calculus. J. Strain Anal. Engng Des., 1996, 31(6), 423–432.
21.
DupréJ. C.BremandF.LagardeA.Photoelastic data processing through digital image processing: isostatics and isochromatics reconstruction. International Conference on Photoelasticity: New Instrumentation, Materials and Data Processing Techniques, London, UK, 1993.
22.
QuirogaJ. A.González-CanoA.Phase measuring algorithm for extraction of isochromatics of photoelastic fringe patterns. Appl. Opt., 1997, 36(32), 8397–8402.
23.
MangalS. K.RameshK.Factors affecting the intensity distribution in high stress gradient zones in digital photoelasticity. Strain, 1998, 34(4), 133–134.
24.
RameshK.SreedharD.Optically enhanced tiling (OET) in digital fringe pattern analysis. Strain, 1998, 34(4), 127–131.
25.
Xue-FengY.Long-HuiJ.WeiX.Guan-ChangJ.Hsien-YangY.Digital shifting photoelasticity with optical enlarged unwrapping technology for local stress measurement. Opt. Laser Technol., 2005, 37(7), 582–589.
26.
AjovalasitA.BaroneS.PetrucciG.A method for reducing the influence of the quarter-wave plate error in phase-shifting photoelasticity. J. Strain Anal. Engng Des., 1998, 33(3), 207–216.
27.
Sai PrasadV.RameshK.Background intensity effects on various phase-shifting techniques in photoelasticity. In Proceedings of the Conference on Optics and photonics in engineering, New Delhi, India, 2003, pp. 183–186 (ABC Enterprises, New Delhi, India). 6-8 January 2003.
28.
PrashantP. L.RameshK.Genesis of various optical arrangements of circular polariscope in digital photoelasticity. J. Aerosp. Sci. Technol., 2006, 58(2), 117–132.
29.
PrashantP. L.Study of four step phase-shifting techniques in digital photoelasticity. M.S. Thesis, Department of Applied Mechanics, IIT Madras, India, 2005.
30.
RameshK.DeshmukhS. S.Automation of white light photoelasticity by phase-shifting technique using colour image processing hardware. Opt. Lasers Engng, 1997, 28(1), 47–60.
31.
JiW.PattersonE. A.Simulation of errors in automated photoelasticity. Exp. Mech., 1998, 38(2), 132–139.
32.
TamrakarD. K.RameshK.Simulation of errors in digital photoelasticity by Jones calculus. Strain, 2001, 37(3), 105–112.
33.
AjovalasitA.BaroneS.PetrucciG.ZuccarelloB.The influence of the quarterwave plates in automated photoelasticity. Opt. Lasers Engng, 2002, 38(1), 31–56.
34.
RamjiM.GadreV. Y.RameshK.Comparative study of evaluation of primary isoclinic data by various spatial domain methods in digital photoelasticity. J. Strain Anal. Engng Des., 2006, 45(5), 333–348.
ChenT. Y.LinC. H.Whole-field digital measurement of principal stress directions in photoelasticity. Opt. Lasers Engng, 1998, 30, 527–537.
37.
MangalS. K.RameshK.Use of multiple loads to extract continuous isoclinic fringes by phase-shifting. Strain, 1999, 35(1):15–17; errata ibid, 1999, 35(2), 76.
38.
PetrucciG.Full-field automatic evaluation of an isoclinic parameter in white light. Exp. Mech., 1997, 37(4), 420–426.
39.
NurseA. D.Full-field automated photoelasticity using a three-wavelength approach to phase-shifting. Appl. Opt., 1997, 36(23), 5781–5786.
40.
KiharaT.Automatic whole-field measurement of principal stress directions using three wavelengths. In Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Experimental mechanics, Lisbon, Portugal, 1994, vol. 1, pp. 95–99. 18-22 July 1994.
41.
KiharaT.An arctangent unwrapping technique of photoelasticity using linearly polarized light at three wavelengths. Strain, 2003, 39(2), 65–71.
42.
ZhenkunL.DazhenY.WammingY.Whole-field determination of isoclinic parameter by five-step colour phase-shifting and its error analysis. Opt. Lasers Engng, 2003, 40(3), 189–200.
43.
AjovalasitA.PetrucciG.ScafidiM.Phase-shifting photoelasticity in white light. Opt. Laser Technol., 2007, 45(5), 596–611.
44.
WangZ. F.PattersonE. A.Use of phase-stepping with demodulation and fuzzy sets for birefringence measurement. Opt. Lasers Engng, 1995, 22(2), 91–104.
45.
BuckberryC.TowersD.New approaches to the full-field analysis of photoelastic stress patterns. Opt. Lasers Engng, 1996, 24(4-5), 415–428.
46.
EkmanM. J.NurseA. D.Completely automated determination of two-dimensional photoelastic parameters using load-stepping. Opt. Engng, 1998, 37(6), 1845–1851.
47.
RameshK.TamrakarD. K.Improved determination of retardation in digital photoelasticity by load-stepping. Opt. Lasers Engng, 2000, 33(5), 387–400.
48.
AsundiA.LiuT.BoayC. G.Determination of isoclinic and isochromatic parameters using the three-load method. Meas. Sci. Technol., 2000, 11, 532–537.
49.
LiuT.AsundiA.BoayC. G.Full field automated photoelasticity using two-load-step method. Opt. Engng, 2001, 40(8), 1629–1635.
50.
RameshK.MangalS. K.Phase-shifting calculations in 2-D photoelasticity: revisited. J. Aeronaut. Soc. India, 2000, 52(2), 121–136.
51.
VinayakG.MangalS. K.RameshK.Reasons for ambiguity in retardation calculations in phase-shifting technique. Strain, 2001, 37(2), 53–54.
52.
ServinM.MarroquinJ. L.CuevasF. J.Demodulation of a single interferogram by use of a two-dimensional regularized phase-tracking technique. Appl. Opt., 1997, 36(19), 4540–4548.
53.
QuirogaJ. A.Gonzàlez-CanoA.Separation of isoclinics and isochromatics from photoelastic data using regularized phase-tracking technique. Appl. Opt., 2000, 39(17), 2931–2940.
54.
PrasadV. S.MadhuK. R.RameshK.Towards effective phase unwrapping in digital photoelasticity. Opt. Lasers Engng, 2004, 42(4), 421–436.
55.
PrashantP. L.MadhuK. R.RameshK.New initiatives in phase unwrapping. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Experimental mechanics, Singapore, 2004, vol. 5852, pp. 192–197 (SPIE, Bellingham, Washington). Conference Date: 29 November-1 December 2004
56.
AshokanK.RameshK.A novel approach for ambiguity removal in isochromatic phasemap in digital photoelasticity. Meas. Sci. Technol., 2006, 17(11), 2891–2896.
57.
RamjiM.RameshK.Adaptive quality guided phase unwrapping algorithm for whole-field digital photoelastic parameter estimation. Strain, 2010, 46(2), 184–194.
58.
MadhuK. R.RameshK.New boundary information encoding for effective phase unwrapping of specimens with cut outs. Strain, 2007, 43(1), 54–57.
59.
AshokanK.RamjiM.PrasathR. G. R.RameshK.Autonomous isochromatic phase unwrapping by domain delimiting in digital photoelasticity. The Seventh International Conference on Optoelectronics and Photonics, Hyderabad, India, 13-16 December, 2006.
60.
QuirogaJ. A.Gonzàlez-CanoA.BernabueE.Phase unwrapping algorithm based on adaptive criterion. Appl. Opt., 1995, 34(14), 2560–2563.
AsundiA. K.WensenZ.Fast phase-unwrapping algorithm based on a grey-scale mask and flood fill. Appl. Opt., 1998, 37(23), 5416–5420.
63.
SiegmannP.BackmanD.PattersonE. A.A robust approach to demodulating and unwrapping phase-stepped photoelastic data. Exp. Mech., 2005, 45(3), 278–289.
64.
RamjiM.NithilaE.DevvrathK.RameshK.Assessment of autonomous phase unwrapping methodologies in digital photoelasticity. Sādhanā, 2008, 33(1), 27–44.
65.
BaroneS.BurriesciG.PetrucciG.Automated photoelasticity by phase stepping technique. In Proceedings of the 14th Imeko World congress, Tampere, Finland, 1997, pp. 57–62. 1-6 June 1997.
66.
PattersonE. A.WangZ. F.Simultaneous observation of phase-stepped images for automated photoelasticity. J. Strain Anal. Engng Des., 1998, 33(1), 1–15.
67.
PlouzennecN.DupréJ. C.LagardeA.Whole-field determination of isoclinic and isochromatic parameters. Exp. Tech., 1999, 23(1), 30–33.
68.
AsundiA.TongL.BoayC. G.Phase-shifting method with a normal polariscope. Appl. Opt., 1999, 38(28), 5931–5935.
69.
ServinM.QuirogaJ. A.Isochromatics demodulation from a single image using the regularized phase tracking technique. J. Mod. Opt., 2001, 48(3), 521–531.
70.
YoneyamaS.ShimizuM.GotohJ.TakashiM.Photoelastic analysis with a single tricolour image. Opt. Lasers Engng, 1998, 29(6), 423–435.
71.
QuirogaJ. A.ServinM.MarroquinJ. L.Regularized phase tracking technique for demodulation of isochromatics from a single tricolour image. Meas. Sci. Technol., 2002, 13,132–140.
72.
AjovalasitA.BaroneS.PetrucciG.Automated photoelasticity in white light: influence of quarter wave plates. J. Strain Anal. Engng Des., 1995, 30(1), 29–34.
73.
AjovalasitA.BaroneS.PetrucciG.Towards RGB photoelasticity: full-field automated photoelasticity in white light. Exp. Mech., 1995, 35(3), 193–200.
74.
RameshK.DeshmukhS. S.Three fringe photoelasticity – use of colour image processing hardware to automate ordering of isochromatics. Strain, 1996, 32(3), 79–86.
75.
QuirogaJ. A.Garcia-BoetellaA.Gomez-PederoJ. A.Improved method for isochromatics demodulation by RGB calibration. Appl. Opt., 2002, 41(17), 3461–3468.
76.
MadhuK. R.RameshK.Noise removal in three fringe photoelasticity by adaptive colour difference estimation. Opt. Lasers Engng, 2007, 45(1), 175–182.
77.
AshokanK.RameshK.Quality assisted three fringe photoelasticity for autonomous evaluation of total fringe order. J. Aerosp. Sci. Technol., 2008, 60(2), 139–145.
78.
DubeyV. N.GrewalG. S.Noise removal in three fringe photoelasticity by median filtering. Opt. Lasers Engng, 2009, 47, 1226–1230.
79.
Neethi SimonB.PrasathR. G. R.RameshK.Transient thermal SIFs of bi-material interface cracks using RTFP. J. Strain Anal. Engng Des., 2009, 44(6), 427–438.
80.
MadhuK. R.PrasathR. G. R.RameshK.Colour adaptation in three fringe photoelasticity. Exp. Mech., 2007, 47(2), 271–276.
81.
Neethi SimonB.RameshK.Colour adaptation in three fringe photoelasticity using a single image, Exp. Tech., DOI: 10.1111/J.1747-1567.2010.00646.x.
82.
Neethi SimonB.KasimayanT.RameshK.The influence of ambient illumination on colour adaptation in three fringe photoelasticity. Opt. Lasers Engng, 2011, 49, 258–264.
83.
AjovalasitA.PetrucciG.Developments in RGB photoelasticity. Appl. Mech. Mater., 2007, 3-4, 205–210.
84.
JonesI. A.WangP.Complete fringe order determination in digital photoelasticity using fringe combination matching. Strain, 2003, 39(3), 121–130.
85.
AjovalasitA.PetrucciG.ScafidiM.RGB photoelasticity: review and improvements. Strain, 2010, 46(2), 137–147.
86.
RameshK.MangalS. K.Automation of data acquisition in reflection photoelasticity by phase-shifting methodology. Strain, 1997, 33(3), 95–100.
87.
ChenT. Y.ChenT. F.Whole-field digital measurements of isochromatics and isoclinics in photoelastic coatings. Opt. Lasers Engng, 1999, 31(5), 325–338.
88.
LesniakJ.ZhangS. J.PattersonE. A.Design and evaluation of the poleidoscope: a novel digital polariscope. Exp. Mech., 2004, 44(2), 128–135.
89.
ChangC. W.LienH. S.LinJ. H.Determination of reflection photoelasticity fringes analysis with digital image-discrete processing. Measurement, 2008, 41(8), 862–869.
SrinathL. S.RameshK.RamamurtiV.Determination of characteristic parameters in three dimensional photoelasticity. Opt. Engng, 1988, 27(3), 225–230.
92.
MangalS. K.RameshK.Determination of characteristic parameters in integrated photoelasticity. Opt. Lasers Engng, 1999, 31(4), 263–278.
93.
AbenH.Simplified interpretation of an integrated photoelastic fringe pattern. Exp. Tech., 2001, 25(6), 45–47.
94.
TomlinsonR. A.PattersonE. A.The use of phase-stepping for the measurement of characteristic parameters in integrated photoelas-ticity. Exp. Mech., 2002, 42(1), 43–50.
JhawaarM.ArunN.SinghA.Design and fabrication of an automatic polariscope. B. Tech Project, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Kanpur, 1990.
100.
HaakeS. J.WangZ. F.PattersonE. A.Evaluation of full field automated photoelastic analysis based on phase stepping. Exp. Tech., 1993, 17(6), 19–25.
101.
LesniakJ. R.ZickelM. J.WelchC. S.JohnsonD. F.An innovative polariscope for photoelastic stress analysis. In Proceedings of the 1997 SEM Spring Conference on Experimental mechanics, Bellevue, Washington, 2-4 June 1997, pp.219–224.
102.
ZickelM. J.LesniakJ. R.TateD. J.la BrecqueR.HarkinsK.Residual stress measurement of auto windshields using the grey field polariscope. In Proceedings of the 1999 SEM Spring Conference on Experimental Mechanics Cincinnati, Ohio, 7-9 June 1999.
103.
AbenH.ErrapartA.AinolaL.AntonJ.Photoelastic tomography for residual stress measurement in glass. Opt. Engng, 2005, 44(9), 1–8.
104.
PrashantP. L.AshokanK.RameshK.Preliminary studies on multi imager and its use in digital photoelasticity. International Conference on Optics and Optoelectronics, Dehradun, India, 12-15 December 2005.
BaroneS.BurriesciG.PetrucciG.Computer aided photoelasticity by an optimum phase stepping method. Exp. Mech.,2002, 42(2), 132–139.
108.
RamjiM.RameshK.A new six-step phase-shifting technique using mixed polariscope in digital photoelasticity. Key Engng Mater., 2006, 326-328, 35–38.
109.
RamjiM.Whole-field stress separation in digital photoelasticity by shear difference – issues, implementation and applications. Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Applied Mechanics, IIT Madras, India, 2007.
110.
RamjiM.PrasathR. G. R.RameshK.A generic error simulation in digital photoelasticity by Jones calculus. J. Aerosp. Sci. Technol., 2009, 61(4), 475–481.
111.
YoneyamaS.KikutaH.Phase stepping photoelasticity by use of retarders with arbitary retardation. Exp. Mech., 2006, 46(3), 283–296.
112.
D’AcquistoL.PetrucciG.ZuccarelloB.Full field automated evaluation of the quarter-wave plate retardation by phase stepping technique. Opt. Lasers Engng, 2002, 37(4), 389–400.
113.
RamjiM.RameshK.Stress separation in digital photoelasticity, part A – photoelastic data unwrapping and smoothing. J. Aerosp. Sci. Technol., 2008, 60(1), 5–15.
114.
PinitP.UmezakiE.Full field determination of principal stress directions using photoelasticity with plane polarized RGB lights. Opt. Rev., 2005, 12(3), 228–232.
115.
PinitP.UmezakiE.Digitally whole-field analysis of isoclinic parameter in photoelasticity by four-step colour phase-shifting technique. Opt. Lasers Engng, 2007, 45(7), 795–807.
116.
VillaJ.QuirogaJ. A.PascualE.Determination of isoclinics in photoelasticity with a fast regularized estimator. Opt. Lasers Engng, 2008, 46(3), 236–242.
117.
ZhangD.HanY.ZhangB.ArolaD.Automatic determination of parameters in photo-elasticity. Opt. Lasers Engng, 2007, 45(8), 860–867.
118.
RamjiM.RameshK.Whole-field evaluation of stress components in digital photoelasticity – issues, implementation and application. Opt. Lasers Engng, 2008, 46(3), 257–271.
119.
KasimayanT.RameshK.Adaptive smoothing for isoclinic parameter evaluation in digital photoelasticity. Strain, DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-1305.2009.00619.x
120.
HaakeS. J.PattersonE. A.WangZ. F.2D and 3D separation of stresses using automated photoelasticity. Exp. Mech., 1996, 36(3), 269–276.
121.
FernandezM. S. B.CalderonJ. M. A.DiezP. M. B.SeguraI. I. C.Stress–separation techniques in photoelasticity: a review. J. Strain Anal. Engng Des., 2010, 45(1), 1–17.
122.
QuirogaA.Gonzàlez-CanoA.Stress separation from photoelastic data by a multigrid technique. Meas. Sci. Technol., 1998, 9(8), 1204–1210.
123.
MangalS. K.PathakP. M.RameshK.Use of finite element for stress separation in digital photoelasticity. J. Aeronaut. Soc. India, 1999, 51(4), 205–213.
124.
RameshK.MangalS. K.Whole-field stress separation by oblique incidence using phase-shifting technique. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Experimental mechanics, Singapore, 29 November– 1 December 2000, vol. 4317, pp.123–128 (SPIE, Bellingham, Washington).
RamjiM.RameshK.Stress separation in digital photoelasticity, part B – whole-field evaluation of stress components. J. Aerosp. Sci. Technol., 2008, 60(1), 16–25.
129.
AshokanK.RameshK.An adaptive scanning scheme for effective whole-field stress separation in digital photoelasticity. Opt. Laser Technol., 2008, 41(1), 25–31.
130.
RameshK.KumarM. A.DhandeS. G.Fusion of digital photoelasticity, rapid prototyping and rapid tooling technologies. Exp. Tech., 1999, 23(2), 36–38.
131.
CurtisJ. D.HannaS. D.PattersonE. A.TaroniM.On the use of stereolithography for the manufacture of photoelastic models. Exp. Mech., 2003, 43(2), 148–162.
132.
KaralekasD. E.AgelopoulosA.On the use of stereolithography built photoelastic models for stress analysis investigations. Mater. Des., 2006, 27(2), 100–106.
133.
AshokanK.PrasathR. G. R.RameshK.Noise free determination of isochromatic parameter of stereolithography built models. Exp. Tech. DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-1567.2010.00695.x
134.
RameshK.YadavA. K.PankhawallaV. A.Plotting of fringe contours from finite element results. Commun. Numer. Methods Engng, 1995, 11(10), 839–847.
135.
RavichandranM.Karthick BabuP. R. D.RaoV.RameshK.New initiatives on comparison of whole-field experimental and numerical results. Strain, 2007, 43(2), 119–124.
136.
PathakP. M.RameshK.Validation of finite element modeling through photoelastic fringe contours. Commun. Numer. Methods Engng, 1999, 15(4), 229–238.
137.
RameshK.PathakP. M.Role of photoelasticity in evolving discretisation schemes for FE analysis. Exp. Tech., 1999, 23(4), 36–38.
138.
UmezakiE.TerauchiS.Extraction of isotropic points using simulated isoclinics obtained by photoelasticity-assisted finite element analysis. Opt. Lasers Engng, 2002, 38(1), 71–85.
139.
RagulskisM.RagulskisL.Plotting isoclinics for hybrid photoelasticity and finite element analysis. Exp. Mech., 2004, 44(3), 235–240.
140.
Karthick BabuP. R. D.RameshK.Development of fringe plotting scheme from 3D FE results. Commun. Numer. Methods Engng, 2006, 22(7), 809–821.
141.
Karthick BabuP. R. D.RameshK.Role of finite elements in evolving the slicing plan for photoelastic analysis. Exp. Tech., 2006, 30(3), 52–56.
142.
AshokanK.RameshK.Finite element simulation of isoclinic and isochromatic phasemaps for use in digital photoelasticity. Exp. Tech., 2008, 33(1), 38–44.
143.
Neethi SimonB.RameshK.Identification of inconsistent zones in digital photoelasticity. Strain. DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-1305.2010.00780.x
144.
Neethi SimonB.RameshK.A simple method to plot photoelastic fringes and phase-maps from finite element results. J. Aerosp. Sci. Technol., 2010, 63(2), 174–182.
145.
KumarU. P.BhaduriB.MohanN. K.KothiyalM. P.AsundiA. K.Microscopic TV holography for MEMS deflection and 3-D surface profile characterization. Opt. Lasers Engng, 2008, 46, 687–694.
146.
KasimayanT.RameshK.Digital photoelastic analysis of stress frozen slices using five-step method. SPIE Proc. 7522, DOI: 10.1117/12.851707.
147.
DubeyV. N.GrewalG. S.Efficacy of photoelasticity in developing whole-field imaging sensors. Opt. Lasers Engng, 2010, 48(3), 288–294.
