Confusing and sometimes contradictory results and reports have led to a sizeable body of literature on, but unfortunately not to a clear understanding of, gully erosion processes. In the following review, relevant concepts on gully erosion are summarized. Their implications for gully erosion modelling are presented along with some recommendations for future research.
Baillie, I.C., Faulkner, P.H., Espin, G.D., Levett, M.J. and Nicholson, B.1986: Problems of protection against piping and surface erosion in central Tunisia. Environment Conservation13 (1), 27-40.
2.
Beer, C.E. and Johnson, H.P.1963: Factors in gully growth in the deep loess of Western Iowa . Transactions American Society of Agricultural Engineers6 (3), 237-40.
3.
Begin, Z.B. and Schumm, S.A.1979: Instability of alluvial valley floors: A method for its assessment. Transactions American Society of Agricultural Engineers22, 347-50.
4.
Bergsma, E.1974: Soil erosion toposequences on aerial photographs . Proc. Symp. Com. VII. ISP.Banff, Alberta .
5.
Blong, R.J.1966: Discontinuous gullies on the volcanic plateau. New Zealand Journal of Hydrology5, 87-99.
6.
— 1970: The development of discontinuous gullies in a pumice catchment . American Journal of Science268, 369-83.
7.
— 1985: Gully sidewall development in New South Wales, Australia . In El-Swaify, S.A., Moldenhauer, W.C. and Lo, A., editors, Soil erosion and conservation, Ankeny: SCSA, 574-84.
8.
Blong, R.J., Graham, O.P. and Veness, J.A.1982: The role of sidewall processes in gully development; some N.S.W. examples. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms7, 381-85.
9.
Bocco, G.1990: Gully erosion analysis using remote sensing and geographic information systems. Unpublished PhD dissertation. University of Amsterdam.
10.
Bradford, J.M., Farrell, D.A. and Larson, W.E.1973: Mathematical evaluation of factors affecting gully stability . Soil Science Society of America Proceedings37, 103-107.
11.
Bradford, J.M., Piest, R.F. and Spomer, R.G.1978: Failure sequence of gully headwalls in western Iowa. Soil Science Society of America Journal42, 323-28.
12.
Brink v.d., J.W. and Jungerius, P.D.1983: The deposition of stony colluvium on clay soil as a cause of gully formation in the Rif mountains, Morocco. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms8, 281-85.
13.
Bryan, R. and Yair, A., editors, 1982: Badland geomorphology and piping. Norwich: Geobooks.
14.
Caine, N.1980: The rainfall intensity-duration control of shallow landslides and debris flows. Geografiska Annaler62A1-2, 23-27.
15.
Campbell, I.A.1977: Stream discharge, suspended sediment and erosion rates in the Red Beer river basin, Alberta, Canada. Int. Assoc. Hydr. Sci122, 244-59.
16.
Carson, M.A.1969: Soil moisture. In Chorley, R.J., editor, Water, earth and man, London: Methuen, 185-95.
17.
Carson, M.A. and Kirkby, M.J.1972: Hillslope form and process. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. Crouch, R.J.1976: Field tunnel erosion. A reivew. Soil Conserv. J. NSW, 32, 99-111.
18.
— 1983: The role of tunnel erosion in gully head progression . J. Soil Conserv. NSW, 149-55.
19.
— 1987: The relationship of gully sidewall shape to sediment production . Australian Journal of Soil Research25, 531-39.
20.
— 1990: Erosion processes and rates for gullies in granitic soils. Bathurst, New South Wales, Australia. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms15, 169-73.
21.
Crouch, R.J. and Blong, R.J.1989: Gully sidewall classification: methods and applications . Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie NF33 (3), 291-305.
De Ploey, J.1974: Mechanical properties of hillslopes and their relation to gullying in central semi-arid Tunesia. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie SB21, 177-90.
24.
— 1989: A model for headcut retreat in rills and gullies . In Yair, and Berkowicz , editors, Arid and semi-arid environments. Geomorphological and pedological aspects, Catena Supplement14, 81-86.
25.
De Ploey, J. and Poesen, J.1987: Some reflections on modelling hillslope processes . In Ahnert, F., editor, Geomorphological models, Catena Supplement10, 67-72.
26.
Donker, N.H. and Damen, M.C.1984: Gully system development and an assessment of gully initiation risk in Miocene deposits near Daroca, Spain. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie SB49, 37-50.
27.
Dunne, T.1978: Field studies of hillslope flow processes. In Kirkby, M.J., editor, Hillslope hydrology , Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 227-93.
28.
Faber, T.H. and Imeson, A.C.1982: Gully hydrology and related soil properties in Lesotho . In Recent developments in the explanation and prediction of erosion and sediment yield, IASH Publication 137, 135-44.
29.
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)1965 : Soil erosion by water. Some measures for its control on cultivated lands. Rome: FAO Agricultural Paper 81.
30.
— 1977: Guidelines for watershed managementRome: FAO Conservation Guide 1.
31.
— 1986: FAO watershed management field manual. Gully control . Rome: FAO conservation guide 13/2.
32.
Foster, G.R.1988: Modelling soil erosion and sediment yield. In Lal, R., editor, Soil erosion research methodsAnkeny: SWCS, 97-117.
33.
Graf, W.J.1979: The development of montane arroyos and gullies . Earth Surface Processes and Landforms4, 1-14.
34.
Graham, O.P.1984: Gully erosion. J. Soil Cons. NSW , 31-37.
35.
Hadley, R.F. and Rolfe, B.N.1955: Development and significance of seepage steps in slope erosion. Trans. Am. Geoph. Un.36 (5), 792-804.
36.
Hadley, R.F., Lal, R., Onstad, C.A., Walling, D.E. and Yair, A.1985: Recent developments in erosion and sediment yield studies. Technical Documents in Hydrology. Paris: UNESCO.
37.
Hannan, I.D.1983: Gully morphology in a Bathurst catchment. J. Soil Conserv. NSW, 156-67.
38.
Harvey, M.D., Watson, C.C. and Schumm, S.A.1985: Gully erosion. Technical Note 366. Denver: USDI Bureau of Land Management.
39.
Heede, B.H.1967: The fusion of discontinuous gullies. Bulletin Int. Assoc. Sci. Hydr.XII (4), 42-50.
40.
— 1970: Morphology of gullies in the Colorado Rocky Mountains . Bull. Int. Assoc. Sci. Hydr.XV (2), 78-89.
41.
— 1975: Stages of development of gullies in the West. In Present and Prospective Technology for Predicting Sediment Yields and Sources. Washington: US Department of Agriculture, ARS-S-40, 155-61.
42.
— 1976: Gully development and control. The status of our knowledge . Fort Collins: US Department of Agriculture Forest Service, research paper RM 169.
43.
Hilsky, H.1973: Erosion en Carcavas. Havana : Academia de Ciencias de Cuba, special publication 1. I. de Geologia.
— 1988: Conservation practices and runoff water disposal on steep lands. In Moldenhauer, W.C. and Hudson, N.W., editors, Conservation farming on steep lands. Ankeny: SWCS.
46.
Imeson, A.C. and Kwaad, F.J.1980: Gully types and gully prediction. KNAG Geografisch TijdschriftXIV (5), 430-41.
47.
Ireland, H.A., Sharpe, C.F. and Eargle, D.H.1939: Principles of gully erosion in the piedmont of South Carolina . Washington DC: US Department of Agriculture, Technical Bulletin633.
48.
Jones, J.A.A.1971: Soil piping and stream channel initiation. Water Resources Research7, 602-10.
49.
— 1981: The nature of soil piping. A review of research. Research Monograph Series 3Norwich: Geobooks .
50.
Kirkby, M.J.1969: Erosion by water on hillslopes. In Chorley, R.J., editor, Water, earth and man , London: Methuen.
51.
— 1978: Implications for sediment transport. In Kirkby, M.J., Hillslope hydrology, 325-63. Chichester : John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
52.
Kirkby, M.J. and Chorley, R.J.1967: Throughflow, overland flow and erosion. BulletinInternational Association of Scientific HydrologyXII (3), 5-21.
53.
La Roca, N. and Calvo-Cases, A.1988: Slope evolution by mass-movements and surface wash (Vals D'Alcoi, Alicante, Spain). In Imeson, A.C. and Sala, M., editors, Geomorphic processes (in environments with strong seasonal contrasts) . Hillslope Processes, Volume I: Geomorphic processes , Catena Supplement 12, 95-102.
54.
Leopold, L.B. and Miller, J.P.1956: Ephemeral streams. Hydraulic factors and their relation to the drainage net. US Geological Survey PP 282-A.
55.
Meijerink, A.M.1986: A spatial assemblage model for the estimation of gross erosion and sediment yield using remote sensing and geo-data-base operations . In Siderius, W., editor, Land evaluation for land use planning and conservation in sloping areas, Wageningen: ILRI Publication 40, 174-95.
56.
Millington, A.C.1986: Reconnaissance scale soil erosion mapping using a simple geographic information system in the humid tropics. In Siderius, W., editor, Land evaluation for land use planning and conservation in sloping areas, Wageningen : ILRI Publication 40, 64-81.
57.
Morgan, R.P.1979: Soil erosion. New York: Longman.
58.
Mosley, M.P.1972: Evolution of a discontinuous gully system. Annals Association of American Geographers62 (4), 655-63.
59.
Nir, D. and Klein, M.1974: Gully erosion induced in land use in a semi-arid terrain (Nahal Shiqma, Israel). Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie SB21, 191-201.
60.
Ohmori, H., Speight, J.G. and Takeuchi, K.1986: Stratigraphic background of gully development of the Pekina catchment in the Mt. Lofty ranges, South Australia. Geographical Reports ofTokyo Metropolitan University21, 65-84.
61.
Patton, P.C. and Schumm, S.A.1975: Gully erosion, NWColorado: a threshold phenomenon. Geology3 (2), 88-90.
62.
Piest, R.F. and Spomer, R.G.1968: Sheet and gully erosion in the Missouri valley loessial region. Transactions American Society of Agricultural Engineers11, 850-53.
63.
Piest, R.F., Bradford, J.M. and Spomer, R.G.1975: Mechanisms of erosion and sediment movement from gullies . In Present and prospective technology for predicting sediment yields and sources. Washington DA: US Department of Agriculture, ARS-S-40, 155-61.
64.
Rubey, W.W.1928: Gullies in the Great Plains formed by sinking of the ground . American Journal of Science215, 417-22.
65.
Schouten, C.J. and Rang, M.C.1984: Measurement of gully erosion and the effects of soil conservation techniques in Puketurua Experimental Basin (New Zealand) . Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie SB49, 151-64.
66.
Schumm, S.A.1979: Geomorphic thresholds: the concept and its applications . Transactions Institute of British GeographersNS4, 485-515.
67.
Seginer, I.1966: Gully development and sediment yield. JournalHydrology4, 236-53.
68.
Selby, M.J.1966: Soil erosion on the pumice lands of the central N. Island . New Zealand Geographer22, 194-95.
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Sharp, C.F.1941: Geomorphic aspects of normal and accelerated erosion . In Proc. Symp. on Dynamics of Land Erosion. TransactionsAmerican Geophysical Union22, 236-40.
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Sidle, R.C., Pearce, A.J. and O'Loughlin, C.L.1985: Hillslope stability and land use. Water Resources Monograph Series11. Washington: American Geophysical Union.
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Smith, B.J.1982: Effects of climate and land-use change on gully development: an example from northern Nigeria. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie SB44, 33-51.
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Soil Conservation Service (SCS, USDA).1977 : Procedure for determining rates of land damage, land depreciation and volume of sediment produced by gully erosion. In Guidelines for watershed management, 125-41. Rome: FAO Conservation Guide 1.
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Stocking, M.A.1972: Relief analysis and soil erosion in Rhodesia using multi-variate techniques. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie16 (4), 432-43.
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Thompson, J.R.1964: Quantitative effect of watershed variables on rate of gully-head advancement. Transactions American Society of Agricultural Engineers7, 54-55.
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Thorne, C.R., Grissinger, E.H. and Murphey, J.B.1984: Field study of ephemeral cropland gullies in Northern Mississippi. Paper 84-2550. Proceedings Winter Meeting American Society of Agricultural Engineers, New Orleans.
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