Justice has recently been deliberated in different spatial disciplines. Still, the question of its metrics remains unresolved. Accordingly, this article introduces a conceptual framework in which a metric notion of justice can be employed in different spatial contexts, drawing upon the theoretical conceptualization of Amartya Sen’s ‘capabilities’ and Pierre Bourdieu’s ‘field’, capital forms and ‘habitus’. The main hypothesis assumes that capital resources, which are formed in an individual’s living environment, determine their life chances, thus influencing spatial equality of opportunity (i.e. social justice).
AbelTFrohlichKL (2012) Capitals and capabilities: Linking structure and agency to reduce health inequalities. Social Science and Medicine74: 236–244.
2.
AçikalinA (2011) Reflexivity, integration and autonomy in regional development: Turkey-EU partnership. Environment and Planning C29(1): 63–79.
3.
AgnewJ (2011) Space and place. In: AgnewJLivingstoneD (eds) Handbook of Geographical Knowledge. London: Sage.
4.
AltschulerASmokinCPAdlerNE (2004) Local services and amenities, neighborhood social capital, and health. Social Science & Medicine59: 1219–1229.
5.
AnandPHunterGSmithR (2005) Capabilities and well-being: Evidence based on the Sen–Nussbaum approach to welfare. Social Indicators Research74: 9–55.
6.
AndersonE (2010) Justifying the capabilities approach to justice. In: BrighouseHRobeynsI (eds) Measuring Justice: Primary Goods and Capabilities. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 81–100.
7.
ArcherMS (2007) Making Our Way through the World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
8.
BadenBMNoonanDSTurgaRMR (2007) Scales of justice: Is there a geographic bias in environmental equity analysis?Journal of Environmental Planning and Management50(2): 163–185.
9.
BalibarE (1997) La Crainte desmasses: Politique et philosophie avant et après Marx. Paris: Galilee.
10.
BarnettC (2011) Geography and ethics: Justice unbound. Progress in Human Geography35(2): 246–255.
11.
BebbingtonA (1999) Capitals and capabilities: A framework for analyzing peasant viability, rural livelihoods and poverty. World Development27(12): 2021–2044.
12.
BeckerSOWoessmannL (2009) Was Weber wrong? A human capital theory of protestant economic history. The Quarterly Journal of Economics124: 531–596.
13.
BourdieuP (1977) Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
14.
BourdieuP (1985) The social space and the genesis of groups. Theory and Society14(6): 723–744.
15.
BourdieuP (1986a) Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste. London: Routledge.
16.
BourdieuP (1986b) The forms of capital. In: RichardsonJG (ed.) Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education. New York: Greenwood Press, 241–258.
17.
BourdieuP (1989) Social space and symbolic power. Sociological Theory7(1): 14–25.
18.
BourdieuP (1998) Practical Reason: On the Theory of Action. Cambridge: Polity Press.
19.
BourdieuP (2004) Science of Science and Reflexivity. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
20.
BourdieuPThompsonJB (1991) Language and Symbolic Power. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
21.
BourdieuPWacquantLJD (1992) An Invitation to Reflexive Sociology. Cambridge: Polity Press.
BrennerN (2001) The limits to scale? Methodological reflections on scalar structuration. Progress in Human Geography25(4): 591–614.
24.
BretB (2008) Rawlsian universalism confronted with the diversity of reality. Paper prepared for presentation at the conference of Spatial Justice, Nanterre, Paris, 12–14 March. Available at: http://www.jssj.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/JSSJ1-3en2.pdf(accessed 21 March 2017).
25.
BridgeG (2006) It’s not just a question of taste: Gentrification, the neighborhood, and cultural capital. Environment and Planning A38: 1965–1978.
CresswellT (2002) Bourdieu’s geographies: In memoriam. Environment and Planning D20: 379–382.
28.
DikecM (2001) Justice and the spatial imagination. Environment and Planning A33: 1785–1805.
29.
DrèzeJSenA (2002) India: Development and Participation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
30.
EasthopeH (2004) A place called home. Housing, Theory and Society21: 128–138.
31.
ElsterJ (1992) Local Justice. New York: Russell Sage.
32.
FainsteinSS (2010) The Just City. New York: Cornell University Press.
33.
FischelWA (2001) The Homevoter Hypothesis: How Home Values Influence Local Government Taxation. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
34.
FordRT (1994) The boundaries of race: Political geography in legal analysis. Harvard Law Review107(8): 1841–1921.
35.
FordRT (1999) Laws of territory (a history of jurisdiction). Michigan Law Review97(4): 843–930.
36.
FraserN (1997) Justice Interrupts: Critical Reflections on the ‘Postsocialist’ Condition. London: Routledge.
37.
FreidmannJ (2002) The Prospect of Cities. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
38.
FrenkelABenditEKaplanS (2013) The linkage between the lifestyle of knowledge-workers and their intra-metropolitan residential choice: A clustering approach based on self-organizing maps. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems39: 151–161.
39.
GatrellACPopayJThomasC (2004) Mapping the determinants of health inequalities in social space: Can Bourdieu help us?Health and Place10: 245–257.
40.
HartCS (2013) Aspirations, Education and Social Justice: Applying Sen and Bourdieu. New York: Bloomsbury Academic.
41.
HarveyD (1973) Social Justice and the City. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
42.
HarveyD (1996a) Justice, Nature, and the Geography of Difference. Oxford: Blackwell.
43.
HarveyD (1996b) Social justice, postmodernism, and the city. In: FainsteinSCampbellS (eds) Readings in Urban Theory. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 415–435.
44.
HillierJRooksbyE (eds) (2002) Habitus: A Sense of Place. Aldershot: Ashgate.
45.
HoltL (2008) Embodied social capital and geographic perspectives: Performing the habitus. Progress in Human Geography32(2): 227–246.
46.
HowittR (1998) Scale as relation: Musical metaphors of geographical scale. Area30(1): 49–58.
47.
JabareenY (2009) Building a conceptual framework: Philosophy, definitions, and procedure. International Journal of Qualitative Methods8(4): 49–62.
48.
KingA (2000) Thinking with Bourdieu against Bourdieu: A ‘practical’ critique of the habitus. Sociological Theory18(3): 417–433.
KrishnakumarJBallonP (2008) Estimating basic capabilities: A structural equation model applied to Bolivia. World Development36(6): 992–1010.
51.
KymlickaW (2002) Contemporary Political Philosophy: An Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
52.
LefebvreH (1991) The Production of Space. Oxford: Blackwell.
53.
LucyW (1981) Equity and planning for local services. Journal of the American Planning Association47(4): 447–457.
54.
MaloneK (1999) Growing up in cities as a model of participatory planning and ‘place-making’ with young people. Youth Studies Australia18(2): 17–23.
55.
ManzoLC (2003) Beyond house and haven: Toward a revisioning of emotional relationships with places. Journal of Environmental Psychology23(1): 47–61.
56.
MarcuseP (2009) From critical urban theory to the right to the city. City13(2–3): 185–197.
57.
MarcuseP (2010) Spatial justice: Derivative but causal of social justice. In: BretBGervais-LambonyPHancockCLandyF (eds) Justices et injustices spatiales. Paris: Presses Univeritaires de Paris Ouest, 75–94.
58.
MaromN (2014) Relating a city’s history and geography with Bourdieu: One hundred years of spatial distinction in Tel Aviv. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research38(4): 1344–1362.
59.
MarstonSA (2000) The social construction of scale. Progress in Human Geography24(2): 219–242.
60.
MasseyD (1994) Space, Place, and Gender. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
61.
MerrifieldASwyngedouwE (1997) Social justice and the urban experience: An introduction. In: MerrifieldASwyngedouwE (eds) The Urbanization of Injustice. New York: New York University Press, 1–17.
62.
NozickR (1974) Anarchy, State and Utopia. New York: Basic Books.
63.
NussbaumM (2006) Frontiers of Justice: Disability, Nationality, Species Membership. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
64.
OlsonESayerA (2009) Radical geography and its critical standpoints: Embracing the normative. Antipode41(1): 180–198.
65.
PainK (2008) Spaces of practice in advanced business services: Rethinking London–Frankfurt relations. Environment and Planning D26: 264–279.
66.
PainterJ (2000) Pierre Bourdieu. In: CrangMThriftN (eds) Thinking Space. New York: Routledge, 239–259.
67.
PodmoreJ (1998) (Re)reading the ‘loft living’ habitus in Montreal’s inner city. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research22(2): 283–301.
68.
RawlsJ (1971) A Theory of Justice. Cambridge MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
69.
RawlsJ (2001) Justice as Fairness: A Restatement. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
70.
RigerSLavrakasPJ (1981) Community ties: Patterns of attachment and social interaction in urban neighborhoods. American Journal of Community Psychology9(1): 55–66.
71.
RobeynsI (2005a) Assessing global poverty and inequality: Income, resources and capabilities. Metaphilosophy1/2: 30–49.
72.
RobeynsI (2005b) The capability approach: A theoretical survey. Journal of Human Development6(1): 93–114.
73.
RobeynsIBrighouseH (2010) Introduction: Social primary goods and capabilities as metric of justice. In: BrighouseHRobeynsI (eds) Measuring Justice: Primary Goods and Capabilities. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1–13.
74.
RoscignoVJTomaskovic-DeveyDCrowleyM (2006) Education and the inequality of place. Social Forces84(4): 2121–2145.
75.
SaarMPalangH (2009) The dimensions of place meanings. Living Reviews in Landscape Research3(3). DOI: 10.12942/lrlr-2009-3.
76.
SackRD (1997) Homo Geographicus. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
77.
SandelMJ (1982) Liberalism and the Limits of Justice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
78.
SandelMJ (2009) Justice: What’s the Right Thing to Do?New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
79.
SavageM (2010) The politics of elective belonging. Housing, Theory and Society27(2): 115–161.
80.
SavageMWardADevineF (2005) Capitals, assets, and resources: Some critical issues. The British Journal of Sociology56(1): 31–47.
81.
SayerA (2011) Habitus, work and contributive justice. Sociology45(1): 7–21.
82.
SayerAStorperM (1997) Ethics unbound: For a normative turn in social theory. Environment and Planning D15(1): 1–18.
83.
Schaefer-McDanielNJ (2004) Conceptualizing social capital among young people: Toward a new theory. Children, Youth and Environments14: 153–72.
84.
SchinkelWTacqJ (2004) The Saussurean influence in Pierre Bourdieu’s relational sociology. International Sociology19(1): 51–70.
85.
SemenzaJCMarchTL (2009) An urban community-based intervention to advance social interactions. Environment and Behavior41(1): 22–42.
86.
SenA (1987) The standard of living. In: HawthornG (ed.) The Standard of Living. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1–38.
87.
SenA (1992) Inequality Reexamined. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
88.
SenA (1993) Capability and well-being. In: SenANussbaumM (eds) The Quality of Life. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 30–53.
89.
SkeggsB (1997) Formations of Class and Gender. London: Sage.
90.
SmithDM (2000) Moral progress in human geography: Transcending in the place of good fortune. Progress in Human Geography24(1): 1–18.
SojaEW (2010a) Seeking Spatial Justice. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
93.
SojaEW (2010b) The city and spatial justice. In: BretBGervais-LambonyPHancockCLandyF (eds) Justices et injustices spatiales. Paris: Presses Univeritaires de Paris Ouest, 55–74.
94.
SteinSMHarperTL (2005) Rawls’s ‘justice as fairness’: A moral basis for contemporary planning theory. Planning Theory4(2): 147–172.
95.
StewartF (2005) Groups and capabilities. Journal of Human Development6(2): 185–204.
96.
SwartzD (1997) Culture and Power: The Sociology of Pierre Bourdieu. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
97.
TrueloveM (1993) Measurement of spatial equity. Environment and Planning C11: 19–34.
98.
United Nations Development Program (UNDP) (1990–2008) Human Development Report. New York: Oxford University Press.
99.
WattP (2009) Living in an oasis: Middle-class disaffiliation and selective belonging in an English suburb. Environment and Planning A41: 2874–2892.
100.
WebberR (2007) The metropolitan habitus: Its manifestations, locations, and consumption profiles. Environment and Planning A39: 182–207.
101.
WilliamsB (2006) The idea of equality. In: GoodinREPettitP (eds) Contemporary Political Philosophy: An Anthology. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 451–461.
102.
WilliamsonT (2010) Sprawl, Justice, and Citizenship: The Civic Costs of the American Way of Life. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
103.
WynneDO’ConnorJ (1998) Consumption and the postmodern city. Urban Studies5-6: 841–864.
104.
YoungIM (1990) Justice and the Politics of Difference. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
105.
YoungIM (2000) Inclusion and Democracy. New York: Oxford University Press.
106.
YoungIM (2006) Taking the basic structure seriously. Perspectives on Politics4(1): 91–97.
