This paper examines to what extent, and for whom, different geographical characteristics affect the levels of local social engagement, satisfaction, and embeddedness in the Netherlands. We employ a uniquely detailed dataset of individuals in Dutch neighbourhoods and municipalities, which is examined using a multilevel hierarchical model with spatial interaction effects. The analysis shows that living in a neighbourhood with a high ethnic concentration and low economic development has negative consequences for actual engagement, satisfaction, and embeddedness. However, this effect is more relevant for natives than for immigrants (ie, Turks, Moroccans, Surinamese, and Antilleans). In addition, we4 find no evidence that the relationship between locality and engagement, satisfaction, and embeddedness varies between first-generation and second-generation immigrants.
AnselinL (1995) “Local indicators of spatial association—LISA”. Geographical Analysis27: 93–115.
2.
ArmstrongH W (2002) “European Union regional policy: reconciling the convergence and evaluation evidence”. In: Cuadrado-RouraJ RParelladaM (eds) Regional Convergence in the European Union: Facts, Prospects, and Policies, Berlin: Springer, pp. 211–230.
3.
BayerPRossS LTopaG (2008) “Place of work and place of residence: informal hiring networks and labor market outcomes”. Journal of Political Economy116: 1151–1220.
4.
BelsleyD A (1991) Conditioning Diagnostics, Collinearity and Weak Data in Regression, New York: John Wiley.
5.
BlalockH M (1967) Toward a Theory of Minority-group Relations, New York: John Wiley.
6.
BolsterABurgessSJohnstonRJonesKPropperCSarkerR (2007) “Neighbourhoods, households and income dynamics: a semi-parametric investigation of neighbourhood effects”. Journal of Economic Geography7: 1–38.
7.
BoltGvan KempenRvan HamM (2008) “Minority ethnic groups in the Dutch housing market: spatial segregation, relocation dynamics and housing policy”. Urban Studies45: 1359–1384.
8.
BruecknerJ KLargeyA G (2008) “Social interaction and urban sprawl”. Journal of Urban Economics64: 18–34.
9.
BrykA SRaudenbushS W (1992) Hierarchical Linear Models, Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
10.
ClappJ MWangY Z (2006) “Defining neighborhood boundaries: are census tracts obsolete?”. Journal of Urban Economics59: 259–284.
11.
CofféHGeysB (2006) “Community heterogeneity: a burden for the creation of social capital?”. Social Science Quarterly87: 1053–1072.
12.
CutlerD MGlaeserE LVigdorJ L (2008a) “When are ghettos bad? Lessons from immigrant segregation in the United States”. Journal of Urban Economics63: 759–774.
13.
CutlerD MGlaeserE LVigdorJ L (2008b) “Is the melting pot still hot? Explaining the resurgence of immigrant segregation”. Review of Economics and Statistics90: 478–497.
14.
DavidQJaniakAWasmerE (2010) “Local social capital and geographical mobility”. Journal of Urban Economics68: 191–204.
15.
DietzR D (2002) “The estimation of neighborhood effects in the social sciences: an interdisciplinary approach”. Social Science Research31: 539–575.
16.
DurlaufS N (2002) “On the empirics of social capital”. Economic Journal112: F459–F479.
17.
ElhorstJ P (2014) Spatial Econometrics: From Cross-sectional Data to Spatial Panels, New York: Springer.
18.
EsserH (2002) Soziologie. Spezielle Grundlagen. Band 2: Die Konstruktion der Gesellschaft, Frankfurt: Campus.
19.
Eurofound, 2011, “Quality of life in ethnically diverse neighbourhoods”, European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions, Dublin.
20.
GijsbertsMDagevosJ (2007) “The socio-cultural integration of ethnic minorities in the Netherlands: identifying neighbourhood effects on multiple integration outcomes”. Housing Studies22: 805–831.
21.
GijsbertsMvan der MeerTDagevosJ (2012) ““Hunkering down” in multi-ethnic neighbourhoods? The effects of ethnic diversity on dimensions of social cohesion”. European Sociological Review28: 527–537.
22.
GlaeserE LLaibsonDSacerdoteB (2002) “An economic approach to social capital”. Economic Journal112: F437–F458.
23.
GrossmanG MHelpmanE (1991) Innovation and Growth in the Global Economy, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
24.
KainJ F (1968) “Housing segregation, negro employment and metropolitan decentralization”. Quarterly Journal of Economics82: 175–197.
25.
KrugmanP (1991) “Increasing returns and economic geography”. Journal of Political Economy99: 483–499.
26.
Laurence J, Heath A, 2008, “Predictors of community cohesion: multi-level modelling of the 2005 citizenship survey”, Communities and Local Government, London.
27.
LeSageJPaceR K (2009) Introduction to Spatial Econometrics, London: CRC Press.
28.
LetkiN (2008) “Does diversity erode social cohesion? Social capital and race in British neighbourhoods”. Political Studies56: 99–126.
29.
LockwoodD (1964) “Social integration and system integration”. In: ZollschanG ZHirschW (eds) Explorations in Social Change, London: Routledge and Kegan.
30.
MennisJDayanimS LGrunwaldH (2013) “Neighborhood collective efficacy and dimensions of diversity: a multilevel analysis”. Environment and Planning A45: 2176–2193.
31.
PermentierMBoltGvan HamM (2011) “Determinants of neighbourhood satisfaction and perception of neighbourhood reputation”. Urban Studies48: 977–996.
32.
PermentierMVan HamMBoltG (2008) “Same neighbourhood … different views? A confrontation of internal and external neighbourhood reputations”. Housing Studies23: 833–855.
33.
PutnamR D (2000) Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community, New York: Simon and Schuster.
34.
PutnamR D (2007) “E pluribus unum: diversity and community in the twenty-first century the 2006 Johan Skytte Prize Lecture”. Scandinavian Political Studies30: 137–174.
35.
SampsonR JSharkeyP (2008) “Neighborhood selection and the social reproduction of concentrated racial inequality”. Demography45: 1–29.
36.
SchellingT C (1971) “Dynamic models of segregation”. Journal of Mathematical Sociology1: 143–186.
37.
SharkeyP (2012) “Temporary integration, resilient inequality: race and neighborhood change in the transition to adulthood”. Demography49: 889–912.
38.
SnijdersTBoskerR (1999) Multilevel Analysis: An Introduction to Basic and Advanced Multilevel Modelling, London: Sage.
39.
SpielmanS ELoganJ R (2013) “Using high-resolution population data to identify neighborhoods and establish their boundaries”. Annals of the Association of American Geographers103: 67–84.
40.
TolsmaJLubbersMCoendersM (2008) “Ethnic competition and opposition to ethnic intermarriage in the Netherlands: a multi-level approach”. European Sociological Review24: 215–230.
41.
TolsmaJvan der MeerTGesthuizenM (2009) “The impact of neighbourhood and municipality characteristics on social cohesion in the Netherlands”. Acta Politica44: 286–313.
42.
TseliosVRodríguez-PoseAPikeATomaneyJTorrisiG (2012) “Income inequality, decentralisation, and regional development in Western Europe”. Environment and Planning A44: 1278–1301.
43.
TseliosVNobackIvan DijkJMcCannP (2014) “Integration of immigrants, bridging social capital, ethnicity and locality”. Journal of Regional Science. forthcoming, doi: 10.1111/jors. 12160.
44.
TwiggLTaylorJMohanJ (2010) “Diversity or disadvantage? Putnam, Goodhart, ethnic heterogeneity, and collective efficacy”. Environment and Planning A42: 1421–1438.
45.
van HamMFeijtenP (2008) “Who wants to leave the neighbourhood? The effect of being different from the neighbourhood population on wishes to move”. Environment and Planning A40: 1151–1170.
46.
van HamMManleyD (2010) “The effect of neighbourhood housing tenure mix on labour market outcomes: a longitudinal investigation of neighbourhood effects”. Journal of Economic Geography10: 257–282.
47.
van OortF GBurgerM JKnobenJRaspeO (2012) “Multilevel approaches and the firm agglomeration ambiguity in economic growth studies”. Journal of Economic Surveys26: 468–491.
48.
VervoortMFlapHDagevosJ (2011) “The ethnic composition of the neighbourhood and ethnic minorities' social contacts: three unresolved issues”. European Sociological Review27: 586–605.
49.
VolkerBFlapHLindenbergS (2007) “When are neighbourhoods communities? Community in Dutch neighbourhoods”. European Sociological Review23: 99–114.
