Overview of a Pilot Health-focused Reentry Program for Racial/Ethnic Minority Probationers ages 18 to 26 in Southern California

Abstract

There is a significant gap in reentry programming that is tailored to the needs of young adults ages 18 to 26 who are in a unique developmental life stage that involves ongoing maturity in their neurobiology, cognitive development, and social and financial transitions to adulthood and independence. This article describes the structure and approach of a 6-month health-focused reentry program designed for racial/ethnic minority young adult (YA) probationers in Southern California. The UCSD RELINK program includes service navigation and an optional psychoeducation health coaching program to build health literacy, problem-solving, and executive functioning skills relevant across multiple life domains. We describe participant characteristics and service needs at intake. Between 2017 and 2019, 122 YA probationers ages 18 to 26 responded to interviewer-administered baseline surveys. Participants needed basic services including housing, nutrition assistance, employment, and educational/vocational training. Depression and anxiety symptoms, Adverse Childhood Events, trauma, and unmet physical and mental health care needs were pervasive. Given the dearth of research on reentry programming for YA, this article documents the approaches taken in this multi-pronged health-focused reentry program to ensure that the program was tailored to YA reentrants’ comprehensive needs. These data serve to concretely illustrate the range of needs and how YA reentrants view their own health and social needs in the context of multiple competing demands; such data may be useful for program planners and policymakers seeking to advance service delivery for YA minority reentrants.

Keywords

reentry racial/ethnic minority young adult health coaching service navigation peer provider health disparities mental health probation

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Ahalt

Bolano

Wang

E. A.

Williams

(2015). The state of research funding from the National Institutes of Health for criminal justice health research. Annals of Internal Medicine, 162(5), 345–352. https://doi.org/10.7326/m14-2161

Akesson

Smyth

J. M.

Mandell

D. J.

Doan

Donina

Hoven

C. W.

(2012). Parental involvement with the criminal justice system and the effects on their children: A collaborative model for researching vulnerable families. Social Work in Public Health, 27(1–2), 148–164. https://doi.org/10.1080/19371918.2012.629898

American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. (2013). Improving lives, avoiding tragedies. Policy resources: Children’s mental health. Author. Retrieved July 25, 2020, from https://www.aacap.org/App_Themes/AACAP/docs/Advocacy/policy_resources/Children%27s_Mental_Health_Fact_Sheet_FINAL.pdf

Augustyn

M. B.

Ward

J. T.

Krohn

M. D.

Dong

(2019). Criminal justice contact across generations: Assessing the intergenerational labeling hypothesis. Journal of Developmental and Life-Course Criminology, 5(2), 137–175. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40865-019-00118-3

Baggio

Tran

N. T.

Barnert

E. S.

Gétaz

Heller

Wolff

(2019). Lack of health insurance among juvenile offenders: A predictor of inappropriate healthcare use and reincarceration? Public Health, 166, 25–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2018.09.029

Baglivio

M. T.

Epps

Swartz

Huq

M. S.

Sheer

Hardt

N. S.

(2014). The prevalence of adverse childhood experiences (ACE) in the lives of juvenile offenders. Journal of Juvenile Justice, 3(2).

Baik

(2017). Team-based care: A concept analysis. Nursing Forum, 52(4), 313–322. https://doi.org/10.1111/nuf.12194

Bakken

N. W.

Visher

C. A.

(2018). Successful reintegration and mental health: An examination of gender differences among reentering offenders. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 45(8), 1121–1135. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854818774384

Barry

M. J.

Edgman-Levitan

(2012). Shared decision making—The pinnacle patient-centered care. New England Journal of Medicine, 366(9), 780–781. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmp1109283

10.

Bender

K. A.

Cobbina

J. E.

McGarrell

E. F.

(2016). Reentry programming for high-risk offenders: Insights from participants. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 60(13), 1479–1508. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624x15578204

11.

Blumenthal

D. S.

(2011). Is community-based participatory research possible? American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 40(3), 386–389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2010.11.011

12.

Bouffard

J. A.

Bergeron

L. E.

(2006). Reentry works: The implementation and effectiveness of a serious and violent offender reentry initiative. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 44(2-3), 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1300/j076v44n02_01

13.

Braunschweiger

Goodman

K. W.

(2007). The CITI program: An international online resource for education in human subjects protection and the responsible conduct of research. Academic Medicine, 82(9), 861–864. https://doi.org/10.1097/acm.0b013e31812f7770

14.

Bui

Wendt

Bakos

(2019). Understanding and addressing health disparities and health needs of justice-involved populations. Public Health Reports, 134(1_suppl), 3S–7S. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033354918813089

15.

Calleja

N. G.

Dadah

A. M.

Fisher

Fernandez

(2016). Reducing juvenile recidivism through specialized reentry services: A second chance act project. Journal of Juvenile Justice, 5(2), 1.

16.

Catalyst

(2017). What is patient-centered care? NEJM Catalyst, 3(1).

17.

CDC/NCHS. (2015). National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) 2014. National Center for Health Statistics, U.S. Center for Disease Control.

18.

Chung

W. W.

Hudziak

J. J.

(2017). The transitional age brain: The best of times and the worst of times. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 26(2), 157–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2016.12.017

19.

Clements-Nolle

Waddington

(2019). Adverse childhood experiences and psychological distress in juvenile offenders: The protective influence of resilience and youth assets. Journal of Adolescent Health, 64(1), 49–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.09.025

20.

Coleman-Jensen

Gregory

Singh

(2014). Household food security in the United States in 2013 (Economic research report 173). USDA-ERS.

21.

Connolly

E. J.

Schwartz

J. A.

Jackson

D. B.

Beaver

K. M.

(2018). How far does the apple fall from the tree? Maternal delinquency and sex-specific patterns of offspring delinquent behavior. Criminal Justice Journal, 54, 50–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2017.12.004

22.

Constand

M. K.

MacDermid

J. C.

Dal Bello-Haas

Law

(2014). Scoping review of patient-centered care approaches in healthcare. BMC Health Services Research, 14(1), 271. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-14-271

23.

Davis

Williams

Derose

Steinberg

Nicosia

Overton

Kraus

Turner

Fain

Williams

(2011). Understanding the public health implications of prisoner reentry in California: State-of-the-state report. RAND Corporation.

24.

Davis

Sheidow

A. J.

McCart

M. R.

Perrault

R. T.

(2018). Vocational coaches for justice-involved emerging adults. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 41(4), 266–276. https://doi.org/10.1037/prj0000323

25.

Davison

D’Andreamatteo

Markham

Holloway

Marshall

Smye

(2019). Food security in the context of paternal incarceration: Family impact perspectives. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(5), 776. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16050776

26.

Dejonghe

L. A. L.

Becker

Froboese

Schaller

(2017). Long-term effectiveness of health coaching in rehabilitation and prevention: A systematic review. Patient Education and Counseling, 100(9), 1643–1653. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2017.04.012

27.

Dumont

D. M.

Allen

S. A.

Brockmann

B. W.

Alexander

N. E.

Rich

J. D.

(2013). Incarceration, community health, and racial disparities. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 24(1), 78–88. https://doi.org/10.1353/hpu.2013.0000

28.

Elhai

J. D.

Franklin

C. L.

Gray

M. J.

(2008). The SCID PTSD module’s trauma screen: Validity with two samples in detecting trauma history. Depression and Anxiety, 25(9), 737–741. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20318

29.

Epstein

R. M.

Street

R. L.

(2011). The values and value of patient-centered care. Annals of Family Medicine, 9(2), 100–103. https://doi.org/10.1370/afm.1239

30.

Farrell

C. M.

Gottlieb

(2020). The effect of health insurance on health care utilization in the justice-involved population: United States, 2014–2016. American Journal of Public Health, 110(S1), S78–S84. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2019.305399

31.

Felitti

V. J.

Anda

R. F.

(2010). The relationship of adverse childhood experiences to adult medical disease, psychiatric disorders, and sexual behavior: Implications for healthcare. In R. Lanius and E. Vermetten (Eds.), The impact of early life trauma on health and disease: The hidden epidemic (pp. 77–87). Cambridge University Press.

32.

Felitti

V. J.

Anda

R. F.

Nordenberg

Williamson

D. F.

Spitz

A. M.

Edwards

Koss

M. P.

Marks

J. S.

(1998). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 14(4), 245–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0749-3797(98)00017-8

33.

Felitti

V. J.

Anda

R. F.

Nordenberg

Williamson

D. F.

Spitz

A. M.

Edwards

Koss

M. P.

Marks

J. S.

(2019). REPRINT OF: Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 56(6), 774–786. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2019.04.001

34.

First 5 San Diego. (2020). Kit for New Parents. First 5 Commission of San Diego. Retrieved July 27, 2020, from https://first5sandiego.org/parent-portal/kit-for-new-parents/

35.

Ford

D. C.

Merrick

M. T.

Parks

S. E.

Breiding

M. J.

Gilbert

L. K.

Edwards

V. J.

Dhingra

S. S.

Barile

J. P.

Thompson

W. W.

(2014). Examination of the factorial structure of adverse childhood experiences and recommendations for three subscale scores. Psychology of Violence, 4(4), 432–444. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037723

36.

Gaiter

J. L.

Potter

R. H.

O’Leary

(2006). Disproportionate rates of incarceration contribute to health disparities. American Journal of Public Health, 96(7), 1148–a. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2006.086561

37.

George

Mallery

(2003). Using SPSS for windows step by step: A simple guide and reference (p. 231). Allyn & Bacon.

38.

Gliem

J. A.

Gliem

R. R.

(2003). Calculating, interpreting, and reporting Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficient for Likert-type scales. Midwest Research-to-Practice Conference in Adult, Continuing, and Community Education.

39.

Hadden

K. B.

Puglisi

Prince

Aminawung

J. A.

Shavit

Pflaum

Calderon

Wang

E. A.

Zaller

(2018). Health literacy among a formerly incarcerated population using data from the transitions clinic network. Journal of Urban Health, 95(4), 547–555. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-018-0276-0

40.

Hadlaczky

Hökby

Mkrtchian

Carli

Wasserman

(2014). Mental Health First Aid is an effective public health intervention for improving knowledge, attitudes, and behaviour: A meta-analysis. International Review of Psychiatry, 26(4), 467–475. https://doi.org/10.3109/09540261.2014.924910

41.

Hammett

T. M.

Roberts

Kennedy

(2001). Health-related issues in prisoner reentry. Crime and Delinquency, 47(3), 390–409. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128701047003006

42.

Hays

R. D.

Spritzer

K. L.

Thompson

W. W.

Cella

(2015). US general population estimate for “excellent” to “poor” self-rated health item. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 30(10), 1511–1516. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-015-3290-x

43.

HHS-OAH. (2019). Recent advances in mental health care. US Health and Human Services, Office of Adolescent Health. Retrieved July 26, 2020, from https://www.hhs.gov/ash/oah/adolescent-development/mental-health/adolescent-mental-health-basics/index.html

44.

HHS-OAH. (2020). Adolescent mental health basics. US Health and Human Services, Office of; Adolescent Health. Retrieved July 26, 2020, from https://www.hhs.gov/ash/oah/adolescent-development/mental-health/adolescent-mental-health-basics/index.html

45.

HPRI. (2018). Best practices for working with transition-age youth (TAY) experiencing homelessness. Homeless Policy Research Institute (HPRI), Sol Price Center for Social Innovation, University of Southern California. Retrieved July 16, 2020, from https://socialinnovation.usc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/TAY-Best-Practices-Literature-Review.pdf

46.

Jones

N. A.

(2017). Update on the US Census Bureau’s race and ethnic research for the 2020 Census. Survey News: US Census Bureau, 3(5), 1–4. https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/newsroom/press-kits/2014/article_race_ethnic_research_2020census_jones.pdf

47.

Jonson

C. L.

Cullen

F. T.

(2015). Prisoner reentry programs. Crime and Justice, 44(1), 517–575. https://doi.org/10.1086/681554

48.

Keum

B. T.

Miller

M. J.

Inkelas

K. K.

(2018). Testing the factor structure and measurement invariance of the PHQ-9 across racially diverse US college students. Psychological Assessment, 30(8), 1096–1106. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000550

49.

Kirk

D. S.

Wakefield

(2018). Collateral consequences of punishment: A critical review and path forward. Annual Review of Criminology, 1(1), 171–194. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-criminol-032317-092045

50.

Kowalski

M. A.

(2019). Adverse childhood experiences and justice-involved youth: The effect of trauma and programming on different recidivistic outcomes. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 17(4), 354–384. https://doi.org/10.1177/1541204018809836

51.

Kroenke

Spitzer

R. L.

Williams

J. B. W.

(2001). The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16(9), 606–613. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x

52.

Kroenke

Spitzer

R. L.

Williams

J. B. W.

Monahan

P. O.

Löwe

(2007). Anxiety disorders in primary care: Prevalence, impairment, comorbidity, and detection. Annals of Internal Medicine, 146(5), 317–325. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-146-5-200703060-00004

53.

Lockwood Estrin

Ryan

E. G.

Trevillion

Demilew

Bick

Pickles

Howard

L. M

. (2019). Young pregnant women and risk for mental disorders: Findings from an early pregnancy cohort. BJPsych Open, 5(2), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2019.6

54.

Matheson

Shepherd

Carr

(2014). Management of suicidal behaviour – a review of evidence for models of care: An evidence check rapid review brokered by the Sax Institute (www.saxinstitute.org.au) for the NSW Ministry of Health, March 2014.

55.

Meinck

Cosma

A. P.

Mikton

Baban

(2017). Psychometric properties of the adverse childhood experiences abuse short form (ACE-ASF) among Romanian high school students. Child Abuse & Neglect, 72, 326–337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.08.016

56.

Murray

Amann

Thom

(2018). Mindfulness-based interventions for youth in the criminal justice system: A review of the research-based literature. Psychiatry Psychology and Law, 25(6), 829–838. https://doi.org/10.1080/13218719.2018.1478338

57.

Naar-King

Suarez

(2011). Motivational interviewing with adolescents and young adults. Guilford Press.

58.

National Commission on Correctional Health Care. (2002). The health status of soon-to-be-released inmates: A report to congress. Author.

59.

Naylor

Coburn

Kurtzman

Prvu Bettger

Buck

Van Cleave

Cott

(2010). Inter-professional team-based primary care for chronically ill adults: State of the science. Unpublished white paper presented at the ABIM Foundation meeting to Advance Team-Based Care for the Chronically Ill in Ambulatory Settings.

60.

Nirenberg

Baird

Longabaugh

Mello

M. J.

(2013). Motivational counseling reduces future police charges in court referred youth. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 53, 89–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2013.01.006

61.

Ojeda

V. D.

Romero

Ortiz

(2019). A model for sustainable laser tattoo removal services for adult probationers. International Journal of Prisoner Health, 15(4), 308–315. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijph-09-2018-0047

62.

Olsen

J. M.

(2014). Health coaching: A concept analysis. Nursing Forum.

63.

Piercy

K. L.

Troiano

R. P.

Ballard

R. M.

Carlson

S. A.

Fulton

J. E.

Galuska

D. A.

George

S. M.

Olson

R. D.

(2018). The physical activity guidelines for Americans. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 320(19), 2020–2028. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.14854

64.

Plummer

Manea

Trepel

McMillan

(2016). Screening for anxiety disorders with the GAD-7 and GAD-2: A systematic review and diagnostic metaanalysis. General Hospital Psychiatry, 39, 24–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2015.11.005

65.

Poehlmann

Dallaire

Loper

A. B.

Shear

L. D.

(2010). Children’s contact with their incarcerated parents: Research findings and recommendations. American Psychologist, 65(6), 575–598. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020279

66.

Purcell

Fraser

Greenwood-Smith

Baksheev

G. N.

McCarthy

Reid

Lemphers

Sullivan

D. H.

(2012). Managing risks of violence in a youth mental health service: A service model description. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 6(4), 469–475. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-7893.2012.00372.x

67.

Recklitis

C. J.

Blackmon

J. E.

Chang

(2017). Validity of the Brief Symptom Inventory-18 (BSI-18) for identifying depression and anxiety in young adult cancer survivors: Comparison with a Structured Clinical Diagnostic Interview. Psychological Assessment, 29(10), 1189–1200. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000427

68.

Richmond

Berlin

Fishkind

Holloman

Zeller

Wilson

Rifai

M. A.

(2012). Verbal de-escalation of the agitated patient: Consensus statement of the American Association for Emergency Psychiatry Project BETA De-escalation Workgroup. The Western Journal of Emergency Medicine, 13(1), 17–25. https://doi.org/10.5811/westjem.2011.9.6864

69.

Rollnick

Miller

W. R.

(1995). What is motivational interviewing? Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 23(4), 325–334. https://doi.org/10.1017/s135246580001643x

70.

Saigh

P. A.

Yasik

A. E.

Oberfield

R. A.

Green

B. L.

Halamandaris

P. V.

Rubenstein

Nester

Resko

Hetz

McHugh

(2000). The children’s PTSD inventory: Development and reliability. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 13(3), 369–380. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1007750021626

71.

San Diego County HSSA. (2019). Demographics. San Diego County Health and Human Services Agency. https://www.sandiegocounty.gov/hhsa/statistics_demographics.html

72.

Schwartz-Soicher

Geller

Garfinkel

(2011). The effect of paternal incarceration on material hardship. Social Service Review, 85(3), 447–473. https://doi.org/10.1086/661925

73.

SDCPD. (2016). Annual Statistical Report. http://www.sandiegocounty.gov/probation/

74.

Semmler

P. L.

Williams

C. B.

(2000). Narrative therapy: A storied context for multicultural counseling. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 28(1), 51–62. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1912.2000.tb00227.x

75.

Settipani

C. A.

Hawke

L. D.

Cleverley

Chaim

Cheung

Mehra

Rice

Szatmari

Henderson

(2019). Key attributes of integrated community-based youth service hubs for mental health: A scoping review. International Journal of Mental Health Systems, 13(1), 52. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13033-019-0306-7

76.

Sforzo

G. A.

Kaye

M. P.

Todorova

Harenberg

Costello

Cobus-Kuo

Faber

Frates

Moore

(2018). Compendium of the health and wellness coaching literature. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, 12(6), 436–447. https://doi.org/10.1177/1559827617708562

77.

Shavit

Aminawung

J. A.

Birnbaum

Greenberg

Berthold

Fishman

Busch

S. H.

Wang

E. A.

(2017). Transitions clinic network: Challenges and lessons in primary care for people released from prison. Health Affairs, 36(6), 1006–1015. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2017.0089

78.

Skowyra

K. R.

Cocozza

J. J.

(2007). Blueprint for change: A comprehensive model for the identification and treatment of youth with mental health needs in contact with the juvenile justice system. Policy Research Associates, Inc.

79.

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2014a). National survey on drug use and health (NSDUH). Author.

80.

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2014b). Trauma-informed care in behavioral health services. Author. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24901203

81.

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2019). Principles of community-based behavioral health services for justice-involved individuals: A research-based guide: A bridge to the possible (HHS Publication No. SMA-19-5097) Office of Policy, Planning, and Innovation, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Retrieved July 27, 2020, from https://store.samhsa.gov/product/Principles-of-Community-based-Behavioral-Health-Services-for-Justice-involved-Individuals-A-Research-based-Guide/SMA19-5097

82.

Tavakol

Dennick

(2011). Making sense of Cronbach’s alpha. International Journal of Medical Education, 2, 53–55. https://doi.org/10.5116/ijme.4dfb.8dfd

83.

U. S. Census Bureau (2012). American community survey. U.S. Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration.

84.

U. S. Census Bureau (2020). San Diego County, California. QuickFacts. https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/sandiegocountycalifornia,CA/PST045219

85.

Underwood

Washington

(2016). Mental illness and juvenile offenders. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13(2), 228. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13020228

86.

van Dooren

Richards

Lennox

Kinner

S. A

. (2013). Complex health-related needs among young, soon-to-be-released prisoners. Health & Justice, 1(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/2194-7899-1-1

87.

Visher

C. A.

Travis

(2003). Transitions from prison to community: Understanding individual pathways. Annual Review of Sociology, 29(1), 89–113. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.29.010202.095931

88.

Visher

C. A.

Lattimore

P. K.

Barrick

Tueller

(2017). Evaluating the long-term effects of prisoner reentry services on recidivism: What types of services matter? Justice Quarterly, 34(1), 136–165. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418825.2015.1115539

89.

Wenzel

(2017). Basic strategies of cognitive behavioral therapy. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 40(4), 597–609. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2017.07.001

90.

Wilens

T. E.

Rosenbaum

J. F.

(2013). Transitional aged youth: A new frontier in child and adolescent psychiatry. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 52(9), 887–890. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2013.04.020

91.

Wilson

A. B.

Farkas

Bonfine

Duda-Banwar

(2018). Interventions that target criminogenic needs for justice-involved persons with serious mental illnesses: A targeted service delivery approach. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 62(7), 1838–1853. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624x17695588

92.

Winkelman

T. N. A.

Kieffer

E. C.

Goold

S. D.

Morenoff

J. D.

Cross

Ayanian

J. Z.

(2016). Health insurance trends and access to behavioral healthcare among justice-involved individuals—United States, 2008–2014. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 31(12), 1523–1529. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-016-3845-5

93.

Wolever

R. Q.

Simmons

L. A.

Sforzo

G. A.

Dill

Kaye

Bechard

E. M.

Southard

M. E.

Kennedy

Vosloo

Yang

(2013). A systematic review of the literature on health and wellness coaching: Defining a key behavioral intervention in healthcare. Global Advances in Health and Medicine, 2(4), 130712120243000–130712120243057. https://doi.org/10.7453/gahmj.13.042

94.

World Health Organization. (2019). Adolescent mental health (Fact Sheet). Author. Retrieved July 26, 2020, from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/adolescent-mental-health

95.

Zajac

Sheidow

A. J.

Davis

(2015). Juvenile justice, mental health, and the transition to adulthood: A review of service system involvement and unmet needs in the US. Children and Youth Services Review, 56, 139–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2015.07.014

96.

Zemel

Mooney

Justice

Baudouin

(2013). Facilitating access to health care coverage for juvenile justice-involved youth. National Academy for State Health Policy: Models for Change-Systems Reform in Juvenile Justice. Retrieved July 26, 2020, from http://modelsforchange.net/publications/520/Facilitating_Access_to_Health_Care_Coverage_for_Juvenile_JusticeInvolved_Youth.pdf

97.

Zimmerman

M. A.

(2013). Resiliency theory: A strengths-based approach to research and practice for adolescent health. Health Education & Behavior, 40(4), 381–383. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198113493782