A great deal of attention has been devoted to sexual molestation cases, both in theory and in practice. Child molesters are versatile and are not easily identified. Various theories and tactics, the most contemporary of which is environmental criminology, have been developed to find those criminals. Locations of victims, crime scenes, and distances among them as well as other situational variables are used to predict possible future offences in environmental criminology. This study applies the theory to sexual molestation crimes in Istanbul. Dependent distance variables are found to be correlated with several situational variables in a selected sample of 127 extra-familial child sexual molestation cases.
AckermanJ. M.RossmoD. K. (2015). How far to travel? A multilevel analysis of the residence-to-crime distance. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 31, 237-262.
2.
BeauregardE.BusinaI. (2013). Journey “during” crime: Predicting criminal mobility patterns in sexual assaults. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 28, 2052-2067.
3.
BeauregardE.MartineauM. (2013). A descriptive study of sexual homicide in Canada: Implications for police investigation. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 57, 1454-1476.
4.
BeauregardE.ProulxJ.RossmoD. K. (2005). Spatial patterns of sex offenders: Theoretical, empirical, and practical issues. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 10, 579-603.
5.
BeauregardE.ProulxJ.RossmoK.LeclercB.AllaireJ. F. (2007). Script analysis of the hunting process of serial sex offenders. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 34, 1069-1084.
6.
BeauregardE.RossmoD. K.ProulxJ. (2007). A descriptive model of the hunting process of serial sex offenders: A rational choice perspective. Journal of Family Violence, 22, 449-463.
7.
BlockR.GalaryA.BriceD. (2007). The Journey to crime: Victims and offenders converge in violent index offences in Chicago. Security Journal, 20, 123-137.
8.
BottomsA. E.WilesP. (2002). Environmental criminology. In MaguireM.MorganR.ReinerR. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of criminology (pp. 620-656). London, England: Oxford University Press.
9.
BrantinghamP. J.BrantinghamP. L. (1981). Environmental criminology. Beverly Hills, CA: SAGE.
10.
BrantinghamP. J.BrantinghamP. L. (1984). Patterns in crime. New York, NY: MacMillan.
11.
BrantinghamP. L.BrantinghamP. J. (1999). A theoretical model of crime hot spot generation. Studies on Crime and Crime Prevention, 8(1), 7-26.
12.
CanterD. V.GregoryA. (1994). Identifying the residential location of rapists. Journal of the Forensic Science Society, 34, 169-175.
13.
CanterD. V.LarkinP. (1993). The environmental range of serial rapists. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 13, 63-69.
14.
ChanH. C. O. (2015). Understanding sexual homicide offenders: An integrated approach. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
15.
ClarkeR. V.CornishD. B. (2001). Rational choice. In PaternosterR.BachmanR. (Eds.), Explaining criminals and crime: Essays in contemporary criminological theory (pp. 23-43). Los Angeles, CA: Roxbury.
16.
CohenL. E.FelsonM. (1979). Social change and crime rate trends: A routine activity approach. American Sociological Review, 44, 588-608.
17.
CornishD. B. (1993). Theories of action in criminology: Learning theory and rational choice approaches. In ClarkeR. V.FelsonM. (Eds.), Routine activity and rational choice (pp. 351-382). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
18.
DaviesA.DaleA. (1996). Locating the stranger rapist. Medicine, Science and the Law, 36, 146-156.
19.
DernH.FröndR.StraubU.VickJ.WittR. (2005). Geographical behavior of stranger offenders in violent sexual crimes. Wiesbaden, Germany: Bundeskriminalamt.
20.
DoğangünB.GönültaşB. M.Uzun-OğuzE.OralG.ÖztürkM. (2016). Psychological complaints reported by sexually abused children during criminal investigations: Istanbul example. Child Abuse & Neglect, 56, 54-61.
21.
Environmental Systems Research Institute. (2011). ArcGIS Desktop: Release 10. Redlands, CA: Author.
22.
FischerD. G.McDonaldW. L. (1998). Characteristics of intrafamilial and extrafamilial child sexual abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect, 22, 915-929.
23.
FranklinC. A. (2011). An investigation of the relationship between self-control and alcohol-induced sexual assault victimization. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 38, 263-285.
24.
FranklinC. A.FranklinT. W.NoblesM. R.KercherG. A. (2012). Assessing the effect of routine activity theory and self-control on property, personal, and sexual assault victimization. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 39, 1296-1315.
25.
GönültaşM. B. (2013). The examination of common features of suspects’ expressions and the construction of sexual violence cases against children (Doctoral dissertation, Forensic Science Institute of Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey). Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/25350858
26.
GönültaşM. B.OralG.BeyaztaşF. (2015). Evaluating of sexual abuse theories in the context of criminal investigation. Türkiye Adalet Akademisi Dergisi, 21, 79-104.
27.
HodgkinsoiS.TilleyN. (2007). Travel-to-crime: Homing in on the victim. International Review of Victimology, 14, 281-298.
28.
IBM Corp. (2013). IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows (Version 22.0). Armonk, NY: Author.
29.
KaufmanK. L.HillikerD. R.DaleidenE. L. (1996). Subgroup differences in the modus operandi of adolescent sexual offenders. Child Maltreatment, 1, 17-24.
30.
KaufmanK. L.WallaceA. M.JohnsonC. F.ReederM. L. (1995). Comparing female and male perpetrators’ modus operandi victims’ reports of sexual abuse. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 10, 322-333.
31.
KeyderC. (2005). Globalization and social exclusion in Istanbul. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 29, 124-134.
32.
LeBeauJ. L. (1987). The methods and measures of centrography and the spatial dynamics of rape. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 3, 125-141.
33.
LeBeauJ. L. (1993). Four case studies illustrating the spatial-temporal analysis of serial rapists. Police Studies, 15, 124-145.
34.
LeclercB.BeauregardE.ProulxJ. (2008). Modus operandi and situational aspects in adolescent sexual offenses against children: A further examination. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 52, 46-61.
35.
LeclercB.ChiuY. N.CaleJ. (2016). Sexual violence and abuse against children: A first review through the lens of environmental criminology. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 60, 743-765.
36.
LeclercB.ProulxJ.BeauregardE. (2009). Examining the modus operandi of sexual offenders against children and its practical implications. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 14, 5-12.
37.
LeclercB.ProulxJ.LussierP.AllaireJ. F. (2009). Offender–victim interaction and crime event outcomes: Modus operandi and victim effects on the risk of intrusive sexual offenses against children. Criminology, 47, 595-618.
38.
LeclercB.WortleyR.SmallboneS. (2010). Investigating mobility patterns for repetitive sexual contact in adult child sex offending. Journal of Criminal Justice, 38, 648-656.
39.
LeclercB.WortleyR.SmallboneS. (2011). Getting into the script of adult child sex offenders and mapping out situational prevention measures. Journal of Research in Crime & Delinquency, 48, 209-237.
40.
MillsA. (2006). Boundaries of the nation in the space of the urban: Landscape and social memory in Istanbul. Cultural Geographies, 13, 367-394.
41.
OuimetM.ProulxJ. (1994, November). Spatial and temporal behavior of pedophiles: Their clinical usefulness as to the relapse prevention model. Paper session presented at the Meeting of 46th Annual Conference of the American Society of Criminology, Miami, FL.
42.
RossmoD. K. (1995). Geographic profiling: Target patterns of serial murderers (Doctoral dissertation, School of Criminology of Simon Fraser University, Canada). Retrieved from summit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/6820/b17675819.pdf
43.
RossmoD. K. (2000a). Geographic profiling. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
44.
RossmoD. K. (2000b, November). Routine activities and foraging theory: The influence of motivation on size of criminal hunting area. Paper session presented at the Meeting of the American Society of Criminology, San Francisco, CA.
45.
SahinB. (2016). Comparative analysis of new public management policies of developed and developing countries. In DemirkayaY. (Ed.), New public management in Turkey: Local government reform (pp. 267-285). London, England: Taylor & Francis.
46.
SmallboneS. W.WortleyR. K. (2001). Child sexual abuse: Offender characteristics and modus operandi (Report No.193). Canberra: Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice, Australian Institute of Criminology.
47.
SnookB.ZitoM.BennellC.TaylorP. J. (2005). On the complexity and accuracy of geographic profiling strategies. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 21, 1-26.
48.
StevensD. J. (1998). Inside the mind of a serial rapist. Bethesda, MD: Austin & Winfield.
49.
TedeschiJ. T.FelsonR. B. (1994). Violence, aggression, and coercive actions. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
50.
TitaG.GriffithsE. (2005). Traveling to violence: The case for a mobility-based spatial typology of homicide. Journal of Research in Crime & Delinquency, 42, 275-308.
51.
WarrenJ.ReboussinR.HazelwoodR. R.CummingsA.GibbsN.TrumbettaS. (1998). Crime scene and distance correlates of serial rape. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 14, 35-59.
52.
WortleyR. K.SmallboneS. W. (2006). Applying situational principles to sexual offending against children. In WortleyR.SmallboneS. (Eds.), Situational prevention of child sexual abuse (pp. 7-35). Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.
