One of the most frequently administered psychometrics is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2). Occasionally, those participants taking the MMPI-2 will malinger or exaggerate their symptoms. Several malingering detection devices are available, and a significant body of literature exists concerning their efficacy. However, little research is available considering those factors that facilitate successfully evading detection as a malingerer. Some of these studies have identified general intelligence and knowledge of the MMPI-2 as key variables in the likelihood of escaping detection as a malingerer. The extant research considered the utility of general intelligence and knowledge of the MMPI-2 as predictors in avoiding detection as a malingerer. To detect malingering, the two traditional detection devices were employed: the F-Scale and the F - K Index. Results indicate that intelligence and MMPI-2 knowledge contribute significantly to the likelihood of successfully escaping detection as a malingerer.
Aamodt, M. G. (1990, October). Using the MMPI to detect malingering and dissimulation in forensic settings. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society of Police and Criminal Psychology, Albuquerque, NM.
2.
Arbisi, P. A., & Ben-Porath, Y. S. (1995). An MMPI-2 infrequent response scale for use with psychopathological populations: The Infrequency-Psychopathology Scale, F(p). Psychological Assessment, 7, 424-431.
3.
Austin, J. S. (1992). The detection of fake good and fake bad on the MMPI-2. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 3, 669-674.
4.
Bagby, R. M., Nicholson, R., Bacchiochi, J. R., Ryder, A. G., & Bury, A. S. (1997). The predictive capacity of the MMPI-2 and PAI validity scales and indexes to detect coached and uncoached feigning. Journal of Personality Assessment, 78, 69-86.
5.
Bagby, R. M., Nicholson, R., Seeman, M. V., Rogers, R., Buis, T., & Rector, N. (1997). Does clinical training facilitate feigning schizophrenia on the MMPI-2?Psychological Assessment, 9, 106-112.
6.
Bagby, R. M., Ryder, A. G., Ben-Dat, D., Bacchiochi, J., & Parker, J. D. A. (2002). Validation of the dimensional factor structure of the Personality Psychopathology Five in clinical and nonclinical samples. Journal of Personality Disorders, 16, 304-316.
7.
Bagby, R. M., Rogers, R., & Buis, T. (1994). Detecting malingered and defensive responding on the MMPI-2 in a forensic inpatient sample. Journal of Personality Assessment, 62, 191-203.
8.
Berry, D. T., Baer, R. A., & Harris, M. J. (1991). Detection of malingering on the MMPI: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 11, 585-598.
9.
Carson, R. C. (1969). Interpretive manual to the MMPI. In J. N. Butcher (Ed.), Research developments and clinical applications (pp. 279-296). New York: McGraw-Hill.
10.
Dahlstrom, W. G. (1972). Whither the MMPI? In J. N. Butcher (Ed.), Objective personality assessment: Changing perspectives (pp. 85-115). New York: Academic Press.
11.
Dodrill, C. B. (1981). An economical method for the evaluation of general intelligence in adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 49(5), 668-673.
12.
Franzen, M. D., Iverson, G. L., & McCracken, L. M. (1990). The detection of malingering in neuropsychological assessment. Neuropsychology Review, 1, 247-279.
13.
Gough, H. G. (1947). Simulated patterns on the MMPI. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 42, 215-255.
14.
Graham, J. R. (1998, November). Assessing malingering on the MMPI-2. Paper presented at the First Annual Assessment Psychology Conference, Orlando, FL.
15.
Graham, J. R. (2000). MMPI-2: Assessing personality and psychopathology (3rd ed.). New York: Oxford.
16.
Graham, J. R., Watts, D., & Timbrook, R. E. (1991). Detecting fake good and fake-bad MMPI-2 profiles. Journal of Personality Assessment, 57, 264-277.
17.
Gynther, M. D. (1972). White norms and Black MMPIs: A prescription for discrimination. Psychological Bulletin, 78, 540-542.
18.
Hare, R. D. (1991). Manual for the Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised. Toronto, Canada: Multi-Health Systems.
19.
Hsu, L. M., Santelli, J., & Hsu, J. R. (1989). Faking detection validity and incremental validity of response latencies to MMPI subtle and obvious items. Journal of Personality Assessment, 53, 278-295.
20.
Kroger, R. O., & Turnbull, W. (1975). Invalidity of validity scales: The case of the MMPI. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 43, 48-55.
21.
Lees-Haley, P. R. (1991). MMPI-2 F and F - K scores of personal injury malingerers in vocational neuropsychological and emotional distress claims. American Journal of Psychology, 9, 5-14.
22.
Lees-Haley, P. R., English, L. T., & Glenn, W. J. (1991). A Fake Bad Scale on the MMPI-2 for personal injury claimants. Psychological Reports, 68, 203-210.
23.
Lees-Haley, P. R., & Fox, D. D. (1990). MMPI Subtle-Obvious Scales and malingering: Clinical versus simulated scores. Psychological Reports, 66, 907-911.
24.
McCaffery, R. J., & Bellamy-Campbell, R. (1989). Psychometric detection of fabricated symptoms of combat-related PTSD: A systematic replication. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 45, 76-79.
25.
McCusker, P. J., Moran, M. J., Serfass, L., & Peterson, K. H. (2003). Comparability of the MMPI-2 F(p) and F Scales and the SIRS in clinical use with suspected malingerers. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 47, 585-596.
26.
Palermo, G. B., Perracuti, S., & Palermo, M. T. (1996). Malingering: A challenge for the forensic examiner. Medicine and Law, 15, 143-160.
27.
Pollack, D. R., & Grainey, T. F. (1984). A comparison of MMPI profiles for state and private disability insurance applicants. Journal of Personality Assessment, 48, 121-125.
28.
Rogers, R. (1984). Towards an empirical model of malingering and deception. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 2, 93-112.
29.
Rogers, R. (1990). Models of feigned mental illness. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 21, 182-188.
30.
Rogers, R. (1997). Clinical assessment of malingering and deception (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford.
31.
Rogers, R., Bagby, R. M., & Chakrabory, D. (1993). Feigning schizophrenic disorders on the MMPI-2: Detection of coached simulators. Journal of Personality Assessment, 60, 215-226.
32.
Rogers, R., & Bender, S. D. (2003). Evaluation of malingering and deception. In A. M. Goldstein (Ed.), Comprehensive handbook of psychology: Forensic psychology (Vol. 11, pp. 212-234). New York: John Wiley.
33.
Rogers, R., & Cruise, K. R. (2000). Malingering and deception among psychopaths. In C. B. Gacono (Ed.), The clinical and forensic assessment of psychopathy: A practitioners guide (pp. 269-284). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
34.
Rogers, R., Sewell, K. W., Martin, M., & Vitacco, M. J. (2003). Detection of feigned mental disorders: A meta-analysis of the MMPI-2 and malingering. Assessment, 10, 160-177.
35.
Roman, D. D., Tuley, M. R., Villanueva, M. R., & Mitchell, W. E. (1990). Evaluating MMPI validity in a forensic psychiatric population: Distinguishing between malingering and genuine psychopathology. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 17, 186-198.
36.
Schretlen, D. J. (1988). The use of psychological tests to identify malingered symptoms of mental disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 8, 451-476.
37.
Schretlen, D. J., & Arkowitz, H. (1990). A psychological test battery to detect prison inmates who fake insanity or mental retardation. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 8, 75-84.
38.
Schroeder, M. A. (1990). Diagnosing and dealing with multicollinearity. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 12, 175-187.
39.
Storm, J., & Graham, J. R. (2000). Detection of coached malingering on the MMPI-2. Psychological Assessment, 12, 158-165.
40.
Streicher, P. J. (1991). Personality simulation as a response set on the MMPI. Applied Human Resource Management Research, 2, 68-83.
41.
Tsushima, W. T., & Wong, J. M. (1992). Comparison of legal and medical referrals to neuropsychological examination following head injury. Forensic Reports, 5, 359-366.
42.
Viglione, D. J., Wright, D., Dizon, N. T., Moynihan, J. E., DuPuis, S., & Pizitz, T. D. (2001). Evading detection on the MMPI-2: Does caution produce more realistic patterns of responding?Assessment, 3, 237-250.
43.
Wasyliw, O. E., Grossman, L. S., Haywood, T. W., & Cavanaugh, J. L. (1988). The detection of malingering in criminal forensic groups: MMPI Validity Scales. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52, 321-333.
44.
Weiner, D. N. (1948). Subtle and obvious keys for the MMPI. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 12, 164-170.
45.
Wetter, M. W., & Corrigan, S. K. (1995). Providing information to clients about psychological tests: A survey of attorneys and law students’ attitudes. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 26, 474-477.
46.
Yin, R. K. (1993). Applications of case study. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
