A number of different techniques and rationales were used by the French and British colonial authorities to racially segregate cities in Africa - from the use of planning by-laws requiring European building materials, to the requiring of fluency in European languages in specific areas of towns. Here, the ways in which town planning policies were used to segregate cities in Madagascar, Congo, Guinea, Sierra Leone and Nigeria are considered.
G. Wright, The Politics of Design in French Colonial Urbanism (Chicago , University of Chicago Press, 1991 ).
2.
Ibid., p. 277.
3.
P.M. Martin, Leisure and Society in Colonial Brazzaville (Cambridge , Cambridge University Press, 1995 ).
4.
Ibid.
5.
A.J. Njoh, Planning Power: town planning and social control in colonial Africa (London, University College London, 2007); B. Freund , `Contrasts in urban segregation: a tale of two African cities, Durban (South Africa) and Abidjan (Côte d'Ivoire)', Journal of Southern African Studies (Vol. 27, no. 3, 2001), pp. 527-46; H. Lefebvre, The Production of Space (Oxford, Blackwell, 1991).
6.
O. Goerg, `Colonisateurs et colonisés dans les villes colonials en Afrique', Histoire et Anthropologie (Vol. 11, 1995), pp. 9-18; O. Goerg, `Conakry: un modèle de ville coloniale française? Règlements fanciers et urbanisme, 1885-années 1920', Cahiers d'Etudes Africaines (Vol. 99, no. 3, 1987), pp. 309-35.
7.
Goerg, `Colonisateurs et colonisés', op. cit.
8.
A.J. Njoh, Urban Planning, Housing and Spatial Structures in Sub-Saharan Africa: nature, impact and development implications of exogenous forces ( Aldershot, Ashgate, 1999); S. Frenkel and J. Western, `Pretext or prophylaxis? Racial segregation and malarial mosquitoes in a British tropical colony: Sierra Leone', Annals of the Association of American Geographers (Vol. 78, no. 2, 1988), pp. 211-28; P.D. Curtin, `Medical knowledge and urban planning in tropical Africa', The American Historical Review (Vol. 90, no. 3, 1985), pp. 594-613.
9.
Quoted in Frenkel and Western, op. cit., p. 211.
10.
`Africa's cities: lower standards, higher welfare', Economist (15 September 1990).
11.
A.L. Mabogunje , The Development Process: a spatial perspective (New York, Holmes and Meier, 1981).
12.
Ibid., p. 74.
13.
C. Rakodi, `Urban land policy in Zimbabwe', Environment and Planning (Vol. 28, no. 9, 1996), pp. 1553-74.
14.
L. Alexander , `European planning ideology in Tanzania', Habitat International (Vol. 7, nos. 1/2, 1983), pp. 17-36.
