Identity and its Discontents: Women and the Nation

K. Jayawardena , Feminism and Nationalism in the Third World (London: Zed Press, 1988); and M. Molyneux , Family Reform In Socialist Stales: The Hidden Agenda', Feminist Review (No. 21, Winter 1985), pp. 47-64.

C. MacKinnon , Feminism, Marxism, Method and the State: An Agenda for Theory', Signs (Vol. 7, No. 3. 1989), pp, 315-44: V. Burttyn , 'Masculine Dominance and the Slate', Socialist Regi-tier (1983), pp. 45-89; M. Mies Patriarchy and Accamulation on a World Scale (London: Zed Press, 1986). This perspective is found wanting by Connell who criticises its categorialism (see note 11) and Yuval-Davis and Anthias (see note 3) who discuss the limitations of reductionist approaches to the state.

N. Yuval-Davis and F. Anthta! (eds.), Woman-Nation-State, (London : Macmillan. 1989).

C. Pateman , 'The Fraternal Social Contract' in I. Keane (ed.). Civil Society and the State ( London: Verso, 1988), p.102.

S. Ibid, p. 104. emphasis in the original.

M. Mann , 'A Crisis in Stratification Theory? Persons, Households[Families/Lineages, Gender. Classes and Nations' In R. Crompton and M. Mann (eds.), Gender and Stratification (Oxford: Potiiy Press, 1986), pp. 40-56.

M. Waters , 'Patriarchy and Viriarchy: An Exploration and Reconstruction of Concepts of Masculine Domination', Sociology (Vol.23. No.2. 1989), pp. 193-21 1.

B.S. Walby , Theorizing Patriarchy (Oxford: Blackwell, 1990).

N. Yuval-Davis , 'Women, the State and Ethnic Processes - The Citizenship Debate', forthcoming In Feminist Review.

I would consider it a serious misjudgement to interpret state-sponsored attempts at policing women's conduct, even when they are religiously inspired as in Iran, as a return to of extension of the 'private', For such a point of view, see P. Vielle 'The State of the Periphery and Its Heritage '. Economy and Society (Vol. 17, No. 1. 1988). p. 66..

R , W. Connell , 'The Slate, Gender and Sexual Politics: Theory and Appraisal,' Theory and Society (Vol. 19, No.:. 1990). pp. 507- 44.

A.D. Smith , Theories of Nationalism (London; Duckworth, 1971): E. Gellner , Nations and Nationalism (Oxford: Blackwell, 1983 ); B. Anderson , Imagined Communities (London : Verso, (1983); and H. K. Bhabha (ed.), Nation and Narration (London: Roullegde, 1990).

The national projects of modern of ethnically and culturally distinct collectivities (such as the Kurds in Turkey). The collectivities whose identities are thus subordinated may evolve their own national projects with attendant claims to sovereignly. Definitions may also change over time. The current political struggle in India partly centres on a redefinition of 'Indianness' as coterminous with Hinduism, the Muslims being cast as 'foreigners' in the midst of the Hindu nation.

For an excellent account of Orientalist depiction. of women see, S. Graham. Brown lrrwgrt of Women (London: Quartet Book., 1988).

S. Zubaida , 'Islam. Cultural Nationalism and the Left'. Review of Middle East Studies (No 4, 1988 ). p.7.

Gellner. op. cit., in note 12. p.124.

The memoirs of the Turkish and Egyptian feminists Halide Edib and Huda Shsraawi confirm this view. A broader assessment of women's nationalist activities may he found in B. Baron. 'Women'. Nationalist Rhetoric and Activities in Early Twentieth Century Egypt' in L. Anderson , et al. (eds.), The Origins of Arab Nationalism (New York: Columbia University Press. 1991).

A. Najmahadi. 'The Hazards of Modernity and Morality: Women, State and Ideology in Contemporary Iran' in D. Kandiyoti (ed.). Women, Islam and the State (London: Macmillan, 1991). p.49.

Graham-Brown , op cit., in note 14, p.220.

C. Schick , Representing Middle Eastern Women; Feminism and Colonial Discourse', Feminist Studies (Vol. 16. No. 2, 1990). p..169.

M. Hatem. 'The Politics of Sexuality and Gender in Segregated Patriarchal Systems: The Case of Eighteenth and Nineteenth Century Egypt'. Feminist Studies (Vol. 12. No. 2. 1986).pp. 250-73.

G.J. Massell. The Surrogate Proletariat (Princeton. NJ: Princeton University Press, 1974).

M. Molyneux , 'Women in Socialist Societies: Problems of Theory and Practice' in K. Young , et. al. (eds.). Of Marriage and the Markers (London; CSE Books, 1981), pp. 167-202 and M. Molyneux , 'The Law, the State and Socialist Policies with Regard to Women: The Case of the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen, 1967-1990' in D. Kandiyoli (ed.), Women Islam and the State ( London; Macmillan, 1991), pp. 237-71.

Vieille , op. cit. in note 10, p. 66.

Ibid, p. 67.

Ibid.

This the subject of an ongoing feminist debate. As key divergent lexis, see J. Elshlain. Public Man, Private Woman (Princeton, NJ; Princeton University Press, 1981); and M. Barret and M. McIntosh , The Anti-Social Family ( London: Verso, 1982).

Anderson , op. cit, in note 12. p. 131.

F. Anthias and N. Yuval-Davis (eds), op. cit., in note 3. pp. 1-15.

R. Mandel. 'Turkish llead,carves and the "Foreigner Problem"; Constructing Difference Through Emblems of Identity'. New German Critique (No. 46, Winter 1989), p.42.

Z. Pathak and R.S. Rajan , 'Shahbano', Signs (Vol. 14, No.3, 1989), pp..158-82.

Ibid. p. 569.

T.K. Oommen . State and Religion in Multi-Religious Nation Stales', South Asia Journal (Vol. 4, No. 1 1990), p. 17-33.

A. Chhachhi , 'Forced Identities: the Slate, Communalism. Fundamentalism and Women in India' in D. Kandiyoli (ed,), or. cit, in note 18, pp. 144-75.

N. Hijab , Womanpower (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998).

L. Ahmed , 'Early Feminist Movements In Turkey and Egypt' in F. Hussain (ed.), Mulsim Women ( London: Croom Helm, 1984); F. Memissi , Beyond the Veil (London: Al Saqi Books, 1985); N. El Saadawl , 'The Political Challenges Facing Arab Women at the End of the 20th Century' in N. Toubia (ed.), Women of the Arab World (London: Zed Books, 1988 ).

S. Zubside , Islam, the People and the State (London- Routledge, 1988),

T. Philipp , 'Feminism and Nationalist Pollics in Egypt' in L. Beck and N. Keddie. (eds.), Women in the Muslim World (Cambridge ; Harvard University Press, 1978). pp. 277-94,

L. Nader. 'Orientalism, Occidenialism and the Control of Women', Cultural Dynamics (Vol. 2, No, 3. 1989), pp. 324-55.

Ibid, p. 327.

S. Al-Khalil , The Republic of Fear (London ; Hutchinson, 1989), p. 211.

S. Joseph , 'Elite Strategies for Slate-Building: Women, Family, Religion and the State in Iraq and Lebanon' in D. Kandiyoti (ed.). op, cit. , in note 18, pp. 176-200.

Al-Khalil. op. cit. in note 41, p. 92.

D. Kandiyoti . 'Bargaining with Patriarchy'. Center & Society (Vol. 2, No 3 1988), pp. 274-90.

Memissi , op. cit. in note 36.

F. Memissi , 'Muslim Women and Fundamentalism', MERIP Reports (No. 153, July-August 1989). pp. 8.11.

B. Badie , Les deux etats Pouvoir et societé en accident et en terre d'Islam (Paris: Fayard, 1986).

Zubaida , op. cit, in note 37.

S. Zubaida , 'Nations: Old and New', Ethnic and Racial Studies (Vol, 12, No.3, 1989), pp. 329-39.

R. Jahan , 'Hidden Wounds. Visible Scars: Violence against Women in Bangladesh ' in B. Agarwal (ed.). Structures of Patriarchy (London: Zed Books, 1988), pp.199-227; D. Kandiyoli , 'Islam and Patriarchy: A Comparative Perspective' in N. Keddie and B. Baron (eds.). Shifting Boundaries: Women and Gender in Middle Eastern History ( New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, forithcoming),

A. Chhachhi , 'The State, Religious Fundamentalism and Women: Trends In South Asia' Economic and Political Weekly, 18 March, 1989 , pp. 567-78.

S. Rowotham , Women in Movement: Feminism and Social Action (London: Routledge, forthcoming).