This article presents the process of adjusting into Spanish Kenny’s Music Performance Anxiety Inventory (Kenny, Davis, & Oates, 2004). This questionnaire is based on Barlow’s theory of performance anxiety and evaluates levels of anxiety whilst on stage. After doing two translations into Spanish, a peer review, and pilot study, the questionnaire was answered by 490 musicians training in six Spanish music conservatories. Results showed that the adapted version of the instrument, with some minor modifications, has good psychometric properties, also validated through a confirmatory factor analysis procedure. Thereof, and in accordance with to Barlow’s theoretical framework, we saw emerge three related factors that made reference to specific cognitions of performance anxiety, such as helplessness as a factor of psychological vulnerability and early family influences. Performance anxiety is related to a psychological vulnerability profile and early relationship context. Finally, it is important to count with reliable instruments that allow contrasting theories in different cultural background, comparing the effects of problems or treatment outcomes.
AbadF. J.OleaJ.PonsodaV.GarcíaC. (2011). Medición en Ciencias Sociales y de la Salud [Measurement in Social and Health Sciences]. Madrid, Spain: Síntesis.
2.
American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
3.
ArrauC. (1983). Mirando hacia el psicoanálisis [Looking to the psychoanalysis]. Revista Universitaria, 10, 9–13.
4.
BarlowD. (2000). Unraveling the mysteries of anxiety and its disorders from the perspective of emotion theory. American Psychologist, 55, 1247–1263.
5.
BrownT. A. (2006). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
6.
CirujedaDalia G. (2004). Cómo superar la ansiedad escénica en músicos. [Overcoming music performance anxiety]. Madrid, Spain: Mundimúsica Ediciones.
7.
RochaFigueirido S.Dias-NetoE.Farid GattazW. (2011). Ansiedade na performance musical: Traduçao, adaptaçao e validaçao do Kenny Music Performance Anxiety Inventory (K-MPAI) para la lingua portuguesa [Music performance Anxiety: Translation, adaptation and validation of Kenny Music Performance Anxiety Inventory (K-MPAI) to Portuguese language]. Revista Psicología clínica, 38(6), 217–221.
8.
HoffmanS. L.HanrahanS. J. (2012). Mental skills for musicians: Managing music performance anxiety and enhancing performance. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 1(1), 17–28.
9.
HerreraL.ManjónG. J. (2013). Ansiedad escénica musical en estudiantes de flauta travesera [Music performance anxiety in flute students]. Eufonía. Didáctica de la música, 57, 43–55.
10.
KaspersenM.GötestamK. G. (2002). A survey of music performance anxiety among Norwegian music students. European Journal of Psychiatry, 16(2), 69–80.
11.
KennyD. T. (2008). Music Performance Anxiety. International Handbook of Musicians’ Health and Wellbeing. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
12.
KennyD. T. (2009a). Negative emotions in music making: Performance anxiety. In JuslinP.SlobodaJ. (Eds.), Handbook of music and emotion: Theory, Research, Applications (pp. 425–451). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
13.
KennyD. T. (2009b). The factor structure of the revised Kenny Music Performance Anxiety Inventory. International Symposium on Performance Science (pp. 37–41). Utrecht: Association Européenne des Conservatoires.
14.
KennyD. T. (2011). The Psychology of Music Performance Anxiety. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
15.
KennyD. T.AckermannB. (2015). Performance related musculoskeletal pain and depression in professional orchestral musicians. Psychology of Music, 43(1), 43–60.
16.
KennyD. T.DavisP.OatesJ. (2004). Music performance anxiety and occupational stress amongst opera chorus artists and their relationship with state and trait anxiety and perfectionism. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 18, 757–777.
17.
KennyD. T.DriscollT.AckermannB. (2014). Psychological well-being in professional orchestral musicians in Australia: A descriptive population study. Psychology of Music, 42(2), 210–232.
18.
KennyD. T.FortuneJ.AckermannB. (2009, December). What predicts performance excellence in tertiary level music students? In WilliamonA.PrettyS.BuckR. (Eds.), Proceedings of the International Symposium on Performance Science (pp. 487–492). Utrecht, The Netherlands: European Association of Conservatoires (AEC).
19.
KennyD. T.FortuneJ.AckermannB. (2013). Predictors of music performance anxiety in skilled tertiary level flute players. Psychology of Music, 41, 304–326.
20.
KennyD. T.OsborneM. (2006). Music performance anxiety: New insights from young musicians. Advances in Cognitive Psychology, 2(2–3), 103–112.
21.
LeeS. (2002). Musicians’ performance anxiety and coping strategies. American Music Teacher, 52(1), 36–39.
22.
Marchant-HaycoxS. E.WilsonG. D. (1992). Personality and stress in performing artists. Personality and Individual Differences, 13, 1061–1068.
23.
McAllisterJ. A. (2011). Performance Anxiety Amongst Middle School-Aged Wind Instrumentalists as Influenced by Variations in Delivery of Instructional Script Given by Adjudicators During Sight Reading (Unpublished master’s thesis in Musical Education Science). Florida International University, Miami, FL.
24.
McDonaldR. P.HoM. H. R. (2002). Principles and practice in reporting structural equation analyses. Psychological Methods, 7, 64–82.
25.
NagelJ. J.HimleD. P.PapsdorfJ. D. (1989). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of musical performance anxiety. Psychology of Music, 17, 12–21.
26.
OrejudoS.TeruelM. P. (2009). Una mirada evolutiva al optimismo en la edad escolar. Algunas reflexiones para padres, educadores e investigadores [Evolutive aproach to optimism in scholar age. Some thoughts for parents, educators and researchers]. Revista Interuniversitaria de Formación del Profesorado, 23(3), 129–158.
27.
OsborneM. S.KennyD. T.HolsombackR. (2005). Assessment of MPA in late childhood. International Journal of Stress Management, 12, 312–330.
28.
PapageorgiI.CreechA.WelchG. (2011). Perceived performance anxiety in advanced musicians specializing in different musical genres. Psychology of Music, 41(1), 18–41.
29.
PapageorgiI.HallamS.WelchG. F. (2007). A conceptual framework for understanding musical performance anxiety. Research Studies in Music Education, 28, 83–107.
30.
PetrovichA. (2004). Performance anxiety: How teachers can help. American Music Teacher, 53(3), 24–27.
31.
SalmonP. (1990). A psychological perspective on Musical Performance Anxiety – a review of the literature. Medical Problems of Performing Artists, 5(1), 1–11.
32.
SandgrenM. (2002). Voice, soma, and psyche: A qualitative and quantitative study of opera singers. Medical Problems of Performing Artists, 17, 11–21.
33.
SommerL. (2013). Exam preparation: The influence of action control, procrastination and examination experience on students’ goal intention and implementation intention. Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology, 11(3), 603–630.
34.
SpahnC. (2006). Lampenfieber und Aufführungsangst bei Musikern – Grundlagen und Therapie [Stage fright and performance anxiety in musicians – basics and therapy]. Med Welt, 57, 559–563.
35.
SpielbergerC. D.GorsuchR.LusheneR. (1970). Manual for the State – Trait Anxiety Inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologist Press.
36.
StuderR.DanuseraB.HildebrandtH.ArialM.GomezP. (2011). Hyperventilation complaints in music performance anxiety among classical music students. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 70, 557–564.
37.
TaborskyC. (2007). Musical performance anxiety: A review of literature. Applications of Research in Music Education, 26, 15–25.
38.
Van KemenadeJ. F. L. M.Van SonM. J. M.Van HeeschN. C. A. (1995). Performance anxiety among professional musicians in symphonic orchestras: A self-reported study. Psychological Reports, 77, 555–562.
39.
WeiberR.MühlhausD. (2009). Strukturgleichungsmodellierung – Eine anwendungsorientierte Einführung in die Kausalanalyse mit Hilfe von AMOS, SmartPLS und SPSS [Structure, equation modelling – An application-oriented introduction to the causal analysis using AMOS, SmartPLS and SPSS]. Berlin, Germany: Springer Verlag.
40.
WesnerR. B.NoyesR.DavisT. L. (1990). The occurrence of performance anxiety among musicians. Journal of Affective Disorders, 18, 177–185.
41.
WilsonG. D. (1997). Performance anxiety. In HargreavesD. J.NorthA. C. (Eds.), The social psychology of music (pp. 229–248). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
42.
WolfeM. L. (1989). Correlates of adaptive and maladaptive musical performance anxiety. Medical Problems of Performing Artists, 4(1), 49–56.
43.
YoshieM.KudoK.MurakoshiT.OhtsukiT. (2009). Music performance anxiety in skilled pianists: Effects of social-evaluative performance situation on subjective, autonomic, and electromyographic reactions. Experimental Brain Research, 199(2), 117–126.
