The Influence of Monocular Spatial Cues on Vergence Eye Movements in Monocular and Binocular Viewing of 3-D and 2-D Stimuli

Abstract

The influence of monocular spatial cues on the vergence eye movements was studied in two series of experiments: (I) the subjects were viewing a 3-D video and also its 2-D version—binocularly and monocularly; and (II) in binocular and monocular viewing conditions, the subjects were presented with stationary 2-D stimuli containing or not containing some monocular indications of spatial arrangement. The results of the series (I) showed that, in binocular viewing conditions, the vergence eye movements were only present in the case of 3-D but not 2-D video, while in the course of monocular viewing of 2-D video, some regular vergence eye movements could be revealed, suggesting that the occluded eye position could be influenced by the spatial organization of the scene reconstructed on the basis of the monocular depth information provided by the viewing eye. The data obtained in series (II), in general, seem to support this hypothesis.

Keywords

vergence eye movements monocular spatial cues monocular or binocular viewing conditions 2-D or 3-D video perception

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Banks

M. S.

Read

J. C. A.

Allison

R. S.

Watt

S. J.

(2012) Stereoscopy and the human visual system. SMPTE Motion Imaging Journal 121(4): 24–43.

Devernay, F., & Beardsley, P. (2010). Stereoscopic cinema. In Geometry and computing, vol. 5: Image and geometry processing for 3-D cinematography (Chapter 2, p. 1151). Berlin, Germany: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-12392-4_2 (The original publication is available at www.springerlink.com).

Hoffman

D. M.

Girshick

A. R.

Akeley

Banks

M. S.

(2008) Vergence-accommodation conflicts hinder visual performance and cause visual fatigue. Journal of Vision 8(3): 33, 1–30.

Howarth

P. A.

(2011) Potential hazards of viewing 3-D stereoscopic television, cinema and computer games: A review. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics 31(2): 111–122.

Rozhkova

G. I.

Alexeenko

S. A.

(2011) Visual discomfort in conditions of stereoscopic image perception as a consequence of unusual distribution of loads on different mechanisms of visual system. Mir Tekhniki Kino 21: 12–21. (in Russian).

Rozhkova

G. I.

Vasilyeva

N. A.

(2010) Comparative perceptual difficulties associated with viewing films in 2D and 3D format. Mir Tekhniki Kino 16: 12–18. (in Russian).

Rushton

S. K.

Riddell

P. M.

(1999) Developing visual systems and exposure to virtual reality and stereo displays: Some concerns and speculations about the demands on accommodation and vergence. Applied Ergonomics 30: 69–78.

Tam

W. J.

Speranza

Yano

Shimono

Ono

(2011) Stereoscopic 3D-TV: Visual comfort. IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting 57(2): 2, 335–346.

Ukai

Howarth

P. A.

(2008) Visual fatigue caused by viewing stereoscopic motion images: Background, theories, and observations. Displays 29(2): 106–116.

10.

Yarbus

A. L.

Goltsman

(1955) Eye movements during perception of images in stereo movies. Proceedings of the Institute of Biological Physics 1(1): 172–177. (in Russian).