In the 90s, the introduction of positron emission tomography (PET) represented a milestone in the staging of thoracic tumors. In the last 10 years, PET scan has been widely adopted in thoracic oncology, showing high accuracy in diagnosis and staging and with promising issues in defining prognosis. The aim of this systematic review was to focus on the results and pitfalls of PET scan use in the modern management of chest tumors.
Methods and study design.
The literature search was performed on May 2010 in PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane according to PRISMA protocol. The search was restricted to publications in English, using in the same string the word “PET” with 9 different chest tumors; results were then filtered by eliminating technical articles, focusing only on papers in which surgery was considered as a potential diagnostic or therapeutic tool. From 6600 papers initially selected, 99 manuscripts were fully analyzed.
Results
Glucose uptake is a metabolic marker useful in the diagnosis and staging of chest tumors. In lung cancer screening, standard uptake value is helpful in defining the risk of malignancy of isolated pulmonary nodules. The addition of PET scan to conventional staging increases detection of nodal and distant metastases in lung cancer, esophageal cancer and malignant mesothelioma. In thymoma, a close relationship between standard uptake value, histology, and Masaoka stage has been advocated. This link between glucose uptake and prognosis suggests that PET translates biological tumor behavior into clinically detectable findings.
Conclusions
PET scan has a crucial role in thoracic oncology due to its impact on diagnosis, staging and prognosis. PET scan expresses the biological behavior of tumors, opening interesting perspectives in chest tumor management and improving detection and stage grouping in lung cancer. It anticipates the diagnosis in long-incubating diseases such as mesothelioma and increases biological knowledge of rare diseases, such as thymoma and other mediastinal tumors.
SchöderH., ErdiY.E., LarsonS.M., YeungH.W.: PET/CT: a new imaging technology in nuclear medicine. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 30: 1419–1437, 2003.
5.
WieselerB., McGauranN.: Reporting a Systematic Review. Chest, 137: 1240–1246, 2010.
6.
PastorinoU., BellomiM., LandoniC., De FioriE., ArnaldiP., PicchioM., PelosiG., BoyleP., FazioF.: Early lung-cancer detection with spiral CT and positron emission tomography in heavy smokers: 2-year results. Lancet, 362: 593–597, 2003.
7.
WahidiM.M., GovertJ.A., GoudarR.K.: Evidence for treatment of patients with pulmonary nodules: when is it lung cancer? An ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guideline, 2nd edition. Chest, 132: 94–107, 2007.
8.
CroftD.R., TrappJ., KernstineK., KirchnerP., MullanB., GalvinJ., PetersonM.W., GrossT., McLennanG., KernJ.A.: FDG-PET imaging and the diagnosis of non-small cell lung cancer in a region of high histoplasmosis prevalence. Lung cancer, 36: 297–301, 2002.
9.
YükselM., AkgülA.G., EvmanS., BatirelH.F.: Suture and stapler granulomas: a word of caution. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 31: 563–565, 2007.
10.
NomoriH., WatanabeK., OhtsukaT., NarukeT., SuemasuK., UnoK.: Valuation of F-18fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET scanning for pulmonary nodules less than 3 cm in diameter, with special reference to the CT images. Lung Cancer, 45: 19–27, 2004.
11.
OhbaY., NomoriH., ShibataH., KobayashiH., MoriT., ShiraishiS., NakashimaR.: Evaluation of semiquantitative assessments of fluorodeoxyglucose uptake on positron emission tomography scans for the diagnosis of pulmonary malignancies 1 to 3 cm in size. Ann Thorac Surg, 87: 886–891, 2009.
12.
GouldM.K., MacleanC.C., KuschnerW.G., RydzakC.E., OwensD.K.: Validation of FDG positron emission tomography for differentiation of unknown pulmonary lesions. Accuracy of positron emission tomography for diagnosis of pulmonary nodules and mass lesions: a meta-analysis. JAMA, 285: 914–924, 2001.
13.
VeronesiG., BellomiM., VeronesiU., PaganelliG., MaisonneuveP., ScanagattaP., LeoF., PelosiG., TravainiL., RampinelliC., TrifiròG., SonzogniA., SpaggiariL.: Role of positron emission tomography scanning in the management of lung nodules detected at baseline computed tomography screening. Ann Thorac Surg, 84: 959–966, 2007.
14.
LangenK.J., BraunU., Rota KopsE.: The influence of plasma glucose levels on fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in bronchial carcinomas. J Nuclear Medicine, 34: 355–359, 1993.
15.
LucignaniG., PaganelliG., BombardieriE.: The use of standardized uptake values for assessing FDG uptake with PET in oncology: a clinical perspective. Nucl Med Commun, 25: 651–656, 2004.
16.
BoellaardR.: Standards for PET image acquisition and quantitative data analysis. J Nucl Med, 50: 11–20, 2009.
17.
NomoriH., WatanabeK., OhtsukaT., NarukeT., SuemasuK., UnoK.: Visual and semiquantitative analyses for F-18fluorodeoxyglucose PET scanning in pulmonary nodules 1 cm to 3 cm in size. Ann Thorac Surg, 79: 984–988, 2005.
18.
NahmiasC., WahlL.M.: Reproducibility of standardized uptake value measurements determined by 18F-FDG PET in malignant tumors. J Nucl Med, 49: 1804–1808, 2008.
19.
KrakN.C., BoellaardR., HoekstraO.S., TwiskJ.W., HoekstraC.J., LammertsmaA.A.: Effects of ROI definition and reconstruction method on quantitative outcome and applicability in a response monitoring trial. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 32: 294–301, 2005.
20.
MatthiesA., HickesonM., CuchiaraA., AlaviA.: Dual time point 18F-FDG PET for the evaluation of pulmonary nodules. J Nucl Med, 43: 871–875, 2002.
21.
ArenbergD., American College of Chest Physicians: Bronchioloalveolar lung cancer: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (2nd edition). Chest, 132: 306–313, 2007.
22.
GoudarziB., JaceneH.A., WahlR.L.: Diagnosis and differentiation of bronchioloalveolar carcinoma from adenocarcinoma with bronchioloalveolar components with metabolic and anatomic characteristics using PET/CT. J Nucl Med, 49: 1585–1592, 2008.
23.
SunJ.S., ParkK.J., SheenS.S., YoonJ.K., YoonS.N., LeeK.B., HwangS.C.: Clinical usefulness of the fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-PET maximal standardized uptake value (SUV) in combination with CT features for the differentiation of adenocarcinoma with a bronchioloalveolar carcinoma from other subtypes of non-small cell lung cancers. Lung Cancer, 66: 205–210, 2009.
24.
LeeH.Y., LeeK.S., HanJ., KimB.T., ChoY.S., ShimY.M., KimJ.: Mucinous versus nonmucinous solitary pulmonary nodular bronchioloalveolar carcinoma: CT and FDG PET findings and pathologic comparisons. Lung Cancer, 65: 170–175, 2009.
25.
ShibataH., NomoriH., UnoK., IyamaK., TomiyoshiK., NakashimaR., SakaguchiK., GoyaT., TakanamiI., KoizumiK., SuzukiT., KajiM., HorioH.: 11C-acetate for positron emission tomography imaging of clinical stage IA lung adenocarcinoma: comparison with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose for imaging and evaluation of tumor aggressiveness. Ann Nucl Med, 23: 609–616, 2009.
26.
BalogovaS., HuchetV., KerrouK., NatafV., GutmanF., AntoineM., RuppertA.M., PrignonA., LavoléeA., MontraversF., MayaudC., CadranelJ., TalbotJ.N.: Detection of bronchioloalveolar cancer by means of PET/CT and 18F-fluorocholine, and comparison with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose. Nucl Med Commun, 31: 389–397, 2010.
27.
HsiehH.J., LinS.H., LinK.H., LeeC.Y., ChangC.P., WangS.J.: The feasibility of 11C-methionine-PET in diagnosis of solitary lung nodules/masses when compared with 18F-FDG-PET. Ann Nucl Med, 22: 533–538, 2008.
28.
KrügerS., BuckA.K., BlumsteinN.M., PaulsS., SchelzigH., KropfC., SchumannC., MottaghyF.M., HombachV., ReskeS.N.: Use of integrated FDG PET/CT imaging in pulmonary carcinoid tumours. J Intern Med, 260: 545–550, 2006.
29.
DanielsC.E., AubryM.C., AllenM.S., JettJ.R.: The utility of fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in the evaluation of carcinoid tumors presenting as pulmonary nodules. Chest, 131: 255–260, 2007.
30.
KayaniI., ConryB.G., GrovesA.M., WinT., DicksonJ., CaplinM., BomanjiJ.B.: A comparison of 68Ga-DOTATATE and 18F-FDG PET/CT in pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors. J Nucl Med, 50: 1927–1932, 2009.
31.
ChongS., LeeK.S., KimB.T., ChoiJ.Y., YiC.A., ChungM.J., OhD.K., LeeJ.Y.: Integrated PET/CT of pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors: diagnostic and prognostic implications. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 188: 1223–1231, 2007.
32.
CerfolioR.J., OjhaB., BryantA.S., RaghuveerV., MountzJ.M., BartolucciA.A.: The accuracy of integrated PET-CT compared with dedicated PET alone for the staging of patients with non small cell lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg, 78: 1017–1023, 2004.
33.
NomoriH., WatanabeK., OhtsukaT., NarukeT., SuemasuK., UnoK.: The size of metastatic foci and lymph nodes yielding false-negative and false-positive lymph node staging with positron emission tomography in patients with lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 127: 1087–1092, 2004.
34.
ShimS.S., LeeK.S., KimB.T., ChungM.J., LeeE.J., HanJ., ChoiJ.Y., KwonO.J., ShimY.M., KimS.: Non-small cell lung cancer: prospective comparison of integrated FDG PET/CT and CT alone for preoperative staging. Radiology, 236: 1011–1019, 2005.
35.
HalterG., BuckA.K., SchirrmeisterH., AksoyE., LiewaldF., GlattingG., NeumaierB., MühlingB., Nüssle-KügeleK., HetzelM., Sunder-PlassmannL., ReskeS.N.: Lymph node staging in lung cancer using 18FDG-PET. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 52: 96–101, 2004.
36.
GuptaN.C., GraeberG.M., BishopH.A.: Comparative efficacy of positron emission tomography with fluorodeoxyglucose in evaluation of small (<1 cm), intermediate (1 to 3 cm), and large (>3 cm) lymph node lesions. Chest, 117: 773–778, 2000.
37.
RobertsP.F., FolletteD.M., von HaagD., ParkJ.A., ValkP.E., PoundsT.R., HopkinsD.M.: Factors associated with false-positive staging of lung cancer by positron emission tomography. Ann Thorac Surg, 70: 1154–1159, 2000.
38.
ReedC.E., HarpoleD.H., PostherK.E., WoolsonS.L., DowneyR.J., MeyersB.F., HeelanR.T., MacApinlacH.A., JungS.H., SilvestriG.A., SiegelB.A., RuschV.W.; American College of Surgeons Oncology Group Z0050 trial: Results of the American College of Surgeons Oncology Group Z0050 trial: the utility of positron emission tomography in staging potentially operable non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 126: 1943–1951, 2003.
39.
VerhagenA.F., BootsmaG.P., Tjan-HeijnenV.C., van der WiltG.J., CoxA.L., BrouwerM.H., CorstensF.H., OyenW.J.: FDG-PET in staging lung cancer: how does it change the algorithm?Lung Cancer, 44: 175–181, 2004.
40.
BuryT., BarretoA., DaenenF., BarthelemyN., GhayeB., RigoP.: Fluorine-18 deoxyglucose positron emission tomography for the detection of bone metastases in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Eur J Nucl Med, 25: 1244–1247, 1998.
41.
VineyR.C., BoyerM.J., KingM.T., KennyP.M., PollicinoC.A., McLeanJ.M., McCaughanB.C., FulhamM.J.: Randomized controlled trial of the role of positron emission tomography in the management of stage I and II non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol, 22: 2357–2362, 2004.
42.
Herder GJ, Kramer H, Hoekstra OS, Smit EF, Pruim J, van Tinteren H, Comans EF, Verboom P, Uylde Groot CA, Welling A, Paul MA, Boers M, Postmus PE, Teule GJ, Groen HJ; POORT Study Group: Traditional versus up-front [18F] fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography staging of non-small-cell lung cancer: a Dutch cooperative randomized study. J Clin Oncol, 24: 1800–1806, 2006.
43.
SubediN., ScarsbrookA., DarbyM., KordeK., Mc ShaneP., MuersM.F.: The clinical impact of integrated FDG PET-CT on management decisions in patients with lung cancer. Lung Cancer, 64: 301–307, 2009.
44.
van TinterenH., HoekstraO.S., SmitE.F., van den BerghJ.H., SchreursA.J., StallaertR.A., van VelthovenP.C., ComansE.F., DiepenhorstF.W., VerboomP., van MourikJ.C., PostmusP.E., BoersM., TeuleG.J.: Effectiveness of positron emission tomography in the preoperative assessment of patients with suspected non-small-cell lung cancer: the PLUS multicentre randomised trial. Lancet, 359: 1388–1393, 2002.
45.
CarrettaA., CiriacoP., CannetoB., NicolettiR., Del MaschioA., ZanniniP.: Therapeutic strategy in patients with non-small cell lung cancer associated to satellite pulmonary nodules. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 21: 1100–1114, 2002.
46.
BeattyJ.S., WilliamsH.T., AldridgeB.A., HughesM.P., VasudevaV.S., GucwaA.L., DavidG.S., LindD.S., KruseE.J., McLoughlinJ.M.: Incidental PET/CT findings in the cancer patient: how should they be managed?Surgery, 146: 274–281, 2009.
47.
MaedaR., IsowaN., OnumaH., MiuraH., HaradaT., TougeH., TokuyasuH., KawasakiY.: The maximum standardized 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake on positron emission tomography predicts lymph node metastasis and invasiveness in clinical stage IA non-small cell lung cancer. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg, 9: 79–82, 2009.
48.
GaugerJ., PatzE.F.Jr., ColemanR.E., HerndonJE2nd: Clinical stage I non-small cell lung cancer including FDG-PET Imaging: sites and time to recurrence. J Thorac Oncol, 2: 499–505, 2007.
49.
OkerekeI.C., GangadharanS.P., KentM.S., NicoteraS.P., ShenC., DeCampM.M.: Standard uptake value predicts survival in non-small cell lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg, 88: 911–916, 2009.
50.
PastorinoU., LandoniC., MarchianòA., CalabròE., SozziG., MiceliR., PicchioM., MarianiL., MessaC., FazioF.: Fluorodeoxyglucose uptake measured by positron emission tomography and standardized uptake value predicts long-term survival of CT screening detected lung cancer in heavy smokers. J Thorac Oncol, 4: 1352–1356, 2009.
51.
NairV.S., BarnettP.G., AnanthL., GouldM.K.: Positron emission tomography (PET) 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake and prognosis in patients with resected, clinical stage Ia non-small cell lung cancer. Chest, 137: 1150–1156, 2010.
52.
DowneyR.J., AkhurstT., GonenM., ParkB., RuschV.: Fluorine-18fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomographic maximal standardized uptake value predicts survival independent of clinical but not pathologic TNM staging of resected non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 133: 1419–1427, 2007.
53.
CasaliC., CuccaM., RossiG., BarbieriF., IacuzioL., BagniB., MorandiU.: The variation of prognostic significance of maximum standardized uptake value of [18F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-glucose positron emission tomography in different histological subtypes and pathological stages of surgically resected non-small cell lung carcinoma. Lung Cancer, 69: 187–193, 2010.
54.
VansteenkisteJ.F., StroobantsS.G., De LeynP.R., DupontP.J., VerbekenE.K.: Potential use of FDG-PET scan after induction chemotherapy in surgically staged IIIa-N2 non-small-cell lung cancer: a prospective pilot study. The Leuven Lung Cancer Group. Ann Oncol, 9: 1193–1198, 1998.
55.
CerfolioR.J., BryantA.S., OjhaB.: Restaging patients with N2 (stage IIIa) non-small cell lung cancer after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy: a prospective study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 131: 1229–1235, 2006.
56.
LeeD.H., KimS.K., LeeH.Y., LeeS.Y., ParkS.H., KimH.Y., KangK.W., HanJ.Y., KimH.T., LeeJ.S.: Early prediction of response to first-line therapy using integrated 18F-FDG PET/CT for patients with advanced/metastatic non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol, 4: 816–821, 2009.
57.
EschmannS.M., FriedelG., PaulsenF., ReimoldM., HehrT., BudachW., DittmannH., LangenH.J., BaresR.: Repeat 18F-FDG PET for monitoring neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with stage III non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer, 55: 165–171, 2007.
58.
EschmannS.M., FriedelG., PaulsenF., ReimoldM., HehrT., BudachW., LangenH.J., BaresR.: 18F-FDG PET for assessment of therapy response and preoperative re-evaluation after neoadjuvant radio-chemotherapy in stage III non-small cell lung cancer. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 34: 463–471, 2007.
59.
PastorinoU, BuyseM., FriedalG.: The International Registry of Lung Metastases: Long term results of lung metastasectomy: prognostic analyses based on 5206 cases. J Thoracic Cardiovasc Surg, 113: 37–49, 1997.
FortesD.L., AllenM.S., LoweV.J., ShenK.H., WigleD.A., CassiviS.D., NicholsF.C., DeschampsC.: The sensitivity of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in the evaluation of metastatic pulmonary nodules. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 34: 1223–1227, 2008.
62.
IagaruA., ChawlaS., MenendezL., ContiP.S.: 18F-FDG PET and PET/CT for detection of pulmonary metastases from musculoskeletal sarcomas. Nucl Med Commun, 27: 795–802, 2006.
63.
FranziusC., Daldrup-LinkH.E., SciukJ., RummenyE.J., BielackS., JürgensH., SchoberO.: FDG-PET for detection of pulmonary metastases from malignant primary bone tumors: comparison with spiral CT. Ann Oncol, 12: 479–486, 2001.
64.
VeronesiG., LandoniC., PelosiG., PicchioM., SonzogniA., LeonM.E., SolliP.G., LeoF., SpaggiariL., BellomiM., FazioF., PastorinoU.: Fluorodeoxyglucose uptake and angiogenesis are independent biological features in lung metastases. Br J Cancer, 86: 1391–1395, 2002.
65.
HeffnerJ.E., KleinJ.S., HampsonC.: Diagnostic utility and clinical application of imaging for pleural space infections. Chest, 137: 467–479, 2010.
66.
ToaffJ.S., MetserU., GottfriedM., GurO., DeebM.E., LievshitzG., MercerD., Even-SapirE.: Differentiation between malignant and benign pleural effusion in patients with extrapleural primary malignancies: assessment with positron emission tomography-computed tomography. Invest Radiol, 40: 204–209, 2005.
67.
YildirimH., MetintasM., EntokE., AkG., AkI., DundarE., ErginelS.: Clinical value of fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography/computed tomography in differentiation of malignant mesothelioma from asbestos-related benign pleural disease: an observational pilot study. J Thorac Oncol, 4: 1480–1484, 2009.
68.
DuysinxB.C., LarockM.P., Delphine NguyenD., CorhayJ.L., BuryT., HustinxR., LouisR.: 18F-FDG PET imaging in assessing exudative pleural effusions. Nuclear Med Comm, 27: 971–976, 2006.
69.
OrkiA., AkinO., TasciA.E., CiftciH., UrekS., FalayO., KutluC.A.: The role of positron emission tomography/computed tomography in the diagnosis of pleural diseases. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 57: 217–221, 2009.
70.
Sørensen JB, Ravn J, Loft A, Brenøe J, Berthelsen AK, Nordic Mesothelioma Group: Preoperative staging of mesothelioma by 18F-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography fused imaging and mediastinoscopy compared to pathological findings after extrapleural pneumonectomy. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 34: 1090–1096, 2008.
TanC., BarringtonS., RankinS., LandauD., PillingJ., SpicerJ., CaneP., Lang-LazdunskiL.: Role of Integrated 18-fluorodeoxyglucose position emission tomography-computed tomography in patient surveillance after multimodality therapy of malignant pleural mesothelioma. J Thorac Oncol, 5: 385–388, 2010.
76.
SubramaniamR.M., WilcoxB., AubryM.C., JettJ., PellerP.J.: 18F-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography and positron emission tomography/computed tomography imaging of malignant pleural mesothelioma. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol, 53: 160–170, 2009.
77.
CeresoliG.L., ChitiA., ZucaliP.A., RodariM., LutmanR.F., SalaminaS., IncarboneM., AlloisioM., SantoroA.: Early response evaluation in malignant pleural mesothelioma by positron emission tomography with [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose. J Clin Oncol, 24: 4587–4593, 2006.
78.
BoucekJ.A., FrancisR.J., JonesC.G., KhanN., TurlachB.A., GreenA.J.: Assessment of tumour response with (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography using three-dimensional measures compared to SUVmax – a phantom study. Phys Med Biol, 53: 4213–4230, 2008.
79.
Veit-HaibachP., SchaeferN.G., SteinertH.C., SoykaJ.D., SeifertB., StahelR.A.: Combined FDG-PET/CT in response evaluation of malignant pleural mesothelioma. Lung Cancer, 67: 311–317, 2010.
80.
EndoM., NakagawaK., OhdeY., OkumuraT., KondoH., IgawaS., NakamuraY., TsuyaA., MurakamiH., TakahashiT., YamamotoN., ItoI., KameyaT.: Utility of 18FDG-PET for differentiating the grade of malignancy in thymic epithelial tumors. Lung Cancer, 61: 350–355, 2008.
81.
LuzziL., CampioneA., GorlaA., VassalloG., BianchiA., BiggiA., TerziA.: Role of fluorine-flurodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography in preoperative assessment of anterior mediastinal masses. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 36: 475–479, 2009.
82.
KubotaK., YamadaS., KondoT., YamadaK., FukudaH., FujiwaraT., ItoM., IdoT.: PET imaging of primary mediastinal tumours. Br J Cancer, 73: 882–886, 1996.
83.
SungY.M., LeeK.S., KimB.T., ChoiJ.Y., ShimY.M., YiC.A.: 18F-FDG PET/CT of thymic epithelial tumors: usefulness for distinguishing and staging tumor subgroups. J Nucl Med, 47: 1628–1634, 2006.
84.
SchöderH., NoyA., GönenM., WengL., GreenD., ErdiY.E., LarsonS.M., YeungH.W.: Intensity of 18fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in positron emission tomography distinguishes between indolent and aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. J Clin Oncol, 23: 4643–4651, 2005.
85.
MacManusM.P., SeymourJ.F., HicksR.J.: Overview of early response assessment in lymphoma with FDG-PET. Cancer Imaging, 7: 10–18, 2007.
86.
JerusalemG., BeguinY., FassotteM.F., NajjarF., PaulusP., RigoP., FilletG.: Persistent tumor 18F-FDG uptake after a few cycles of polychemotherapy is predictive of treatment failure in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Haematologica, 85: 613–618, 2000.
87.
CastellucciP., NanniC., FarsadM., AlinariL., ZinzaniP., StefoniV., BattistaG., ValentiniD., PettinatoC., MarengoM., BoschiS., CaniniR., BaccaraniM., MonettiN., FranchiR., RampinL., FantiS., RubelloD.: Potential pitfalls of 18F-FDG PET in a large series of patients treated for malignant lymphoma: prevalence and scan interpretation. Nucl Med Commun, 26: 689–694, 2005.
88.
KollmannsbergerC., OechsleK., DohmenB.M., PfannenbergA., BaresR., ClaussenC.D., KanzL., BokemeyerC.: Prospective comparison of [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography with conventional assessment by computed tomography scans and serum tumor markers for the evaluation of residual masses in patients with nonseminomatous germ cell carcinoma. Cancer, 94: 2353–2362, 2002.
89.
De SantisM., BechererA., BokemeyerC., StoiberF., OechsleK., SellnerF., LangA., KletterK., DohmenB.M., DittrichC., PontJ.: 2-18Fluoro-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography is a reliable predictor for viable tumor in postchemotherapy seminoma: an update of the prospective multicentric SEM-PET trial. J Clin Oncol, 22: 1034–1039, 2004.
90.
BeaulieuS., RubinB., DjangD., ConradE., TurcotteE., EaryJ.F.: Positron emission tomography of schwannomas: emphasizing its potential in preoperative planning. Am J Roentgenol, 182: 971–974, 2004.
91.
PetermannD., AllenbachG., SchmidtS., LetovanecI., ChristodoulouM., DelaloyeA.B., RisH.B., PriorJ.O.: Value of positron emission tomography in full-thickness chest wall resections for malignancies. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg, 9: 406–410, 2009.
92.
RadanL., Ben-HaimS., Bar-ShalomR., GuralnikL., IsraelO.: The role of FDG-PET/CT in suspected recurrence of breast cancer. Cancer, 107: 2545–2551, 2006.
93.
KumarA., RegmiS.K., DuttaR., KumarR., GuptaS.D., DasP., HalanaikD., JindalT.: Characterization of thymic masses using (18)F-FDG PET-CT. Ann Nucl Med, 23: 569–577, 2009.
94.
El-BawabH., Al-SugairA.A., RafayM., HajjarW., MahdyM., Al-KattanK.: Role of flourine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in thymic pathology. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 31: 731–736, 2007.
95.
HeronD.E., AndradeR.S., BeriwalS., SmithR.P.: PET-CT in radiation oncology: the impact on diagnosis, treatment planning, and assessment of treatment response. Am J Clin Oncol, 31: 352–362, 2008.
96.
BradleyJ., ThorstadW.L., MuticS., MillerT.R., DehdashtiF., SiegelB.A., BoschW., BertrandR.J.: Impact of FDG-PET on radiation therapy volume delineation in non-small-cell lung cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 59: 78–86, 2004.
97.
LavrenkovK., PartridgeM., CookG., BradaM.: Positron emission tomography for target volume definition in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. Radiother Oncol, 77: 1–4, 2005.
98.
AshamallaH., RaflaS., ParikhK., MokhtarB., GoswamiG., KambamS., Abdel-DayemH., GuirguisA., RossP., EvolaA.: The contribution of integrated PET/CT to the evolving definition of treatment volumes in radiation treatment planning in lung cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 63: 1016–1023, 2005.
99.
ChenJ.C., HuangT.W., ChengY.L., ChangH., TzaoC., HuangW.S., LeeS.C.: Prognostic value of 18-FDG uptake in early stage NSCLC. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 57: 413–416, 2009.
