The usefulness of liquid-based cytology of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid combined with bronchial brush specimens in lung cancer diagnosis

Abstract

Objective

To explore the diagnostic value of liquid-based cytology (LBC) of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) combined with bronchial brushing (BB).

Methods

One hundred patients with pulmonary masses or nodules found by chest computed tomography (CT) or X-ray before bronchoscopy or other diagnostic biopsy examinations were selected consecutively for this retrospective study. BALF and BB were performed for all patients. After conventional smear via BB, we mixed the BALF and BB samples in a prepared thin-layer bottle.

Results

The sensitivity of LBC of BALF combined with BB was noticeably higher than that of BB alone in the total sample group (65.15% vs. 32.84%, respectively). Similarly, in both the bronchoscopically visible group and invisible group, a higher sensitivity for LBC of BALF with BB vs BB alone (68.89% vs. 39.13%, respectively; 57.14% vs. 19.05%, respectively) was observed. Additionally, the negative predictive value of LBC of BALF with BB was higher than that with BB alone (58.56% vs. 42.31%; 61.29% vs. 44.73%; 53.47% vs. 37.83%; total sample vs visible vs invisible groups, respectively).

Conclusion

Regardless of whether lesions or nodules are bronchoscopically visible or invisible, LBC of BALF combined with BB may increase the diagnostic value over BB alone in lung cancer diagnosis.

Keywords

Liquid-based cytology bronchoalveolar lavage bronchial brushing lung cancer diagnosis bronchoscopy

Introduction

Bronchoscopy is the most commonly used method in the diagnosis of lung cancer.¹ Cytological and histological methods for diagnosing lung cancer are routinely used during bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and bronchial brushing (BB) because these procedures are minimally invasive and easy to use.^2,3 Liquid-based cytology (LBC) is a technique that avoids poor cellular preservation caused by smear thickness, overlap, mucolytic substances, blood, and inflammatory cells. Therefore, LBC has been used to increase the diagnostic value of respiratory material, including bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and BB.⁴ There have been several studies of the diagnostic yield of LBC in BALF and BB.^5–9 These studies showed that BALF and BB cytology are valuable tools for lung cancer diagnosis,³ and LBC of BALF has higher diagnostic accuracy than that of a conventional direct smear.⁵ For other respiratory materials, including BB, LBC can be a replacement for a conventional smear.⁷ However, these methods will not work if samples and cells are scanty or sample concentration is not optimal. Our study group has proven that LBC of BALF combined with BB can increase the diagnostic value over BALF alone.¹⁰ To increase the number of specimens for increasing the diagnostic value over BB alone, in the current study, we used the same method as in our previous study of mixing BB and BALF samples in an LBC-prepared bottle after completing the specimen sampling. To our knowledge, this method has not been reported previously. In summary, in this study, we compared the diagnostic value of LBC of BALF combined with BB to that of a BB smear alone.

Materials and methods

Patients and specimens

In this retrospective study, with verbal consent from the patients or their caregivers, 100 patients with pulmonary masses or nodules found by chest computed tomography (CT) or X-rays before bronchoscopy or other diagnostic biopsy examinations were consecutively enrolled from May 2015 to May 2016 in the Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of Ningbo First Hospital. The bronchoscopically visible group was defined as a mass or nodule that can be seen under bronchoscopy, and the invisible group was defined as a nonvisible mass or nodule. The patient’s information and clinical characteristics were derived from their medical records and the hospital’s registries. The diagnoses of the patients’ lesions were confirmed via histological samples obtained via bronchoscopy, surgery, or percutaneous lung biopsy. This study was performed in accordance with the National Comprehensive Cancer Network Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology for Lung Cancer.¹ Approval for this study was obtained from the Ningbo First Hospital Ethics Committee (No. 2021RS009). All patients’ details have been de-identified. The reporting of this study conforms to the STROBE guidelines.¹¹

BALF and BB

These procedures have been described in our previous studies.^10,12,13 First, a straight brush (BC-202D-2010; Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) for BB was used for smearing the slides. Then, we put the brush into a BD CytoRich™ Red preservative (Cytyc Corporation, Boxborough, MA, USA) bottle. Finally, a BALF sample in 0.9% saline was added to fill the bottle.

Statistical analysis

Clinical data, namely age, smoking years, and body mass index, were presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated to evaluate the diagnostic value in the total sample group, visible group, and invisible group. The statistical analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism 5.0 (GraphPad Software Inc., San Diego, CA, USA).

Results

Patient characteristics

Data for 100 patients (77 men and 23 women; age: 63.13 ± 8.88 years) were analyzed in this study, and the clinical characteristics of these patients are summarized in Table 1. Using cytological and histological information, 67 patients were diagnosed with malignant lesions (29 squamous cell carcinomas, 25 adenocarcinomas, 8 small-cell lung cancers, and 5 other types of cancer), and 33 patients were diagnosed with benign lesions.

Table 1.

Clinical characteristics of the recruited participants.

	Participants (n = 100)
Age, years
Mean ± SD	63.13 ± 8.88
Range	30–85
Sex, n (%)
Male	77 (77%)
Female	23 (23%)
BMI, kg/m²
Mean ± SD	21.92 ± 5.11
Smoking status, n (%)
Smoker	62 (62%)
Non-smoker	38 (38%)
Pack-years	50.44 ± 38.33
Lesion distribution, n (%)
Visible	60 (60%)
Invisible	40 (40%)
Cell type, n (%)
Malignant	67 (67%)
Squamous cell carcinoma	29 (29%)
Adenocarcinoma	25 (25%)
Small-cell lung cancer	8 (8%)
Other cancer type	5 (5%)
Benign	33 (33%)

SD, standard deviation; BMI, body mass index.

Diagnostic value of BALF combined with BB vs BB alone

Using the final cytology and histology pathology results, the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV were calculated, and the results are presented in Table 2, Table 3, and Table 4. Table 2 shows that the sensitivity of LBC of BALF with BB was obviously higher than that with BB alone in the total sample group (65.15% vs. 32.84%, respectively). Similarly, in the visible group and invisible group, Table 3 and Table 4 show a higher sensitivity of LBC of BALF with BB than that with BB alone (68.89% vs. 39.13%; 57.14 vs. 19.05%, respectively). Regardless of whether the lesions were visible or invisible, and compared with the total group, the NPV of LBC of BALF with BB was higher than that with BB alone (BALF with BB vs BB alone, respectively: 58.56% vs. 42.31%; 61.29% vs. 44.73%; 53.47% vs. 37.83% for total vs visible vs invisible groups, respectively). The specificity and PPV for LBC of BALF with BB were both 100% for all groups.

Table 2.

Diagnostic value of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) with bronchial brushing vs. bronchial brushing alone.

	BALF with Bronchial Brushing	Bronchial Brushing Alone
Sensitivity (%)	65.15%	32.84%
Specificity (%)	100.00%	100.00%
PPV (%)	100.00%	100.00%
NPV (%)	58.56%	42.31%

PPV, positive predictive value; NPV, negative predictive value.

Table 3.

Diagnostic value of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) with bronchial brushing vs. bronchial brushing alone in visible lesions.

	BALF with Bronchial Brushing	Bronchial Brushing Alone
Sensitivity (%)	68.89%	39.13%
Specificity (%)	100.00%	100.00%
PPV (%)	100.00%	100.00%
NPV (%)	61.29%	44.73%

PPV, positive predictive value; NPV, negative predictive value.

Table 4.

Diagnostic value of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) with brush vs. brush alone in invisible lesions.

	BALF with Brush	Brush Alone
Sensitivity (%)	57.14%	19.05%
Specificity (%)	100.00%	100.00%
PPV (%)	100.00%	100.00%
NPV (%)	53.47%	37.83%

PPV, positive predictive value; NPV, negative predictive value.

Discussion

Cytological and histological methods are used with BAL and BB in patients with lung cancer. LBC is used routinely in BALF or BB because LBC helps remove exudates that contain mucus, blood, and inflammatory cells,¹⁴ as shown in previous studies.^4,5,7,9 Although samples are easily obtained with BALF or BB, and the procedures are minimally invasive, the diagnostic value of these methods for cancer is low.^3,15 In previous studies, the sensitivity of BALF for the diagnosis of lung cancer ranged from 29% to 57.3%,^16–19 and the sensitivity of diagnosis was higher for lesions visible under bronchoscopy. The diagnostic yield of BB varies widely between studies, with a range of 18% to 87%.²⁰ Our study group previously mixed BALF and BB samples in a thin-layer prepared bottle to increase the diagnostic yield of BALF and BB. The results were published in a paper that demonstrated that the diagnostic value of LBC of BALF combined with BB was higher than that with BALF alone.¹⁰ Therefore, we used the same method to compare the value of LBC of BALF with BB with that of BB alone, in this study. We concluded that LBC of BALF combined with BB may increase the diagnostic value of BB alone, regardless of whether the lesion is visible or invisible.

The main advantage of LBC is that cells spread in a thin layer without obscuring elements or resulting in cell overlap.^21,22 This characteristic helps improve the diagnostic yield of the cytological and histological samples. LBC of BALF has been confirmed to provide higher diagnostic accuracy than that with conventional direct smears of samples obtained with BB alone.⁵ LBC combined with BB has been used routinely for samples obtained via bronchoscopy, and LBC can be considered a replacement for a conventional smear.^4,7 Similarly, our results confirmed that LBC of BALF combined with BB can improve the diagnostic value over BB alone.

Previous studies have shown that the diagnostic yield of BALF is similar to the yield with BB when lesions are bronchoscopically invisible.^23–25 However, data from our results revealed that LBC of BALF combined with BB may improve the diagnostic yield for both visible and invisible lesions. BB increased the cell yield if BAL failed to wash or recycle enough fluid. Furthermore, the thin layer of LBC maintains the cell morphology and removes interfering elements. Therefore, considering the results of our previous¹⁰ and current studies, we conclude that LBC of BALF combined with BB improves the diagnostic value over BB or BALF alone.

The following limitation should be considered: BALF and BB with or without LBC are unsuitable for patient screening compared with using samples for gene detection. Deficient target cytological or histological samples is the main disadvantage in BALF with BB; therefore, in patients requiring further diagnostics or treatments, physicians should choose other biopsy procedures or methods.

Conclusion

Regardless of whether lesions or nodules are bronchoscopically visible or invisible, LBC of BALF combined with BB specimens may increase the diagnostic value over BB alone in lung cancer. Considering the results of our previous and current studies, LBC of BALF combined with BB may be a replacement for BALF or BB alone.

Research Data

Research Data for The usefulness of liquid-based cytology of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid combined with bronchial brush specimens in lung cancer diagnosis

Research Data for The usefulness of liquid-based cytology of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid combined with bronchial brush specimens in lung cancer diagnosis by Shanni Ma, Xuechan Yu, Xiaoyan Jin, Feng Qiu, Xueqin Chen, Ran Wang and Chao Cao in Journal of International Medical Research

This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License (http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) which permits any use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access page (https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).

Footnotes

Data availability statement

All data used in this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Declaration of conflicting interests

The Authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

Funding

This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

ORCID iDs

Shanni Ma

Xueqin Chen

Chao Cao

References

Sakr

Roll

Payan

, et al. Cytology-based treatment decision in primary lung cancer: is it accurate enough? Lung Cancer 2012; 75: 293–299.

Jones

Hanson

Armstrong

, et al. Value and accuracy of cytology in addition to histology in the diagnosis of lung cancer at flexible bronchoscopy. Respir Med 2001; 95: 374–378.

Zardawi

Blight

Ling

, et al. Liquid-based vs. conventional cytology on respiratory material. Acta Cytol 2009; 53: 481–483.

Astall

Atkinson

Morton

, et al. The evaluation of liquid-based ‘Cyto-SED' cytology of bronchioalveolar lavage specimens in the diagnosis of pulmonary neoplasia against conventional direct smears. Cytopathology 2003; 14: 143–149.

Rana

O'Donnell

Malkin

, et al. A comparative study: conventional preparation and ThinPrep 2000 in respiratory cytology. Cytopathology 2001; 12: 390–398.

Kobayashi

Uehara

Ota

Liquid-based thin-layer cytology can be routinely used in samples obtained via fiberoptic bronchoscope. Acta Cytol 2011; 55: 69–78.

Kim

Owens

CL.

Analysis of ThinPrep cytology in establishing the diagnosis of small cell carcinoma of lung. Cancer 2009; 117: 51–56.

Wang

Sovie

Trawinski

, et al. ThinPrep processing of endoscopic brushing specimens. Am J Clin Pathol 1996; 105: 163–167.

Cao

Zhu

, et al. Diagnostic role of liquid-based cytology of bronchial lavage fluid in addition to bronchial brushing specimens in lung cancer. Tumori 2020; 107: 325–328. 300891620960218.

10.

Wood

Kazerooni

Baum

, et al., National comprehension cancer network. Lung cancer screening, version 1.2015: featured updates to the NCCN guidelines. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2015; 13: 23–34.

11.

Von Elm

Altman

Egger

, et al. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. Ann Intern Med 2007; 147: 573–577.

12.

Cao

Sun

, et al. Utility of VEGF and sVEGFR-1 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for differential diagnosis of primary lung cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 14: 2443–2446.

13.

Cao

Chen

Sun

, et al. Evaluation of VEGF-C and tumor markers in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for lung cancer diagnosis. Sci Rep 2013; 3: 3473.

14.

Hees

Lebeau

PB.

Comparison of conventional and ThinPrep preparations of mucoid cytology samples. Diagn Cytopathol 1995; 12: 181–185.

15.

Ost

Ernst

Lei

, et al. Diagnostic yield and complications of bronchoscopy for peripheral lung lesions. Results of the AQuIRE Registry. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2016; 193: 68–77.

16.

Bezel

Tischler

Robinson

, et al. Diagnostic value of bronchoalveolar lavage for diagnosis of suspected peripheral lung cancer. Clin Lung Cancer 2016; 17: e151–e156.

17.

Thakur

Bakshi

Kaur

, et al. Liquid-based and conventional cytology for bronchial washings/bronchoalveolar lavages in the diagnosis of malignancy - an institutional experience. J Cytol 2017; 34: 127–132.

18.

Schreiber

McCrory

DC.

Performance characteristics of different modalities for diagnosis of suspected lung cancer: summary of published evidence. Chest 2003; 123: 115S–128S.

19.

Ding

Yue

[The current research feature and prospect of bronchoalveolar lavage in diagnosing lung cancer]. Zhongguo Fei Ai Za Zhi 2010; 13: 370–374.

20.

Chen

Bai

Lee

, et al. Evaluation of the diagnostic accuracy of bronchial brushing cytology in lung cancer: a meta-analysis. Cancer Cytopathol 2021; 129: 739–749.

21.

Howell

Davis

Belk

, et al. The AutoCyte preparation system for gynecologic cytology. Acta Cytol 1998; 42: 171–177.

22.

Scimia

ThinPrep pap test: a platform for gynecological diagnosis. Adv Clin Path 2001; 5: 183–184.

23.

Mak

Johnston

Hetzel

, et al. Value of washings and brushings at fibreoptic bronchoscopy in the diagnosis of lung cancer. Thorax 1990; 45: 373–376.

24.

Lam

Hsu

, et al. Fibreoptic bronchoscopy in the diagnosis of bronchial cancer: comparison of washings, brushings and biopsies in central and peripheral tumours. Clin Oncol 1983; 9: 35–42.

25.

Wong

Lee

Lam

, et al. Fibreoptic bronchoscopy in the diagnosis of lung cancer. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis 1999; 54: 394–398.

Supplementary Material

Please find the following supplemental material available below.

For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.

For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.

0.00 MB

0.13 MB