Sage Journals: Discover world-class research

Abstract

Objective

To evaluate the effect of trigeminal nerve block (TNB) on patients’ quality of life (QOL) 15 days after the procedure in patients with refractory TN.

Methods

This retrospective observational cohort study involved patients receiving TNB (levobupivacaine, clonidine, corticosteroid) between 2014 and 2018 at a postoperative pain clinic in France. Change in QOL from Day 0 (before block) to Day 15 was assessed according to SF-12.

Results

21 patients (62 ± 14 y) were included in the study. Most patients (71%) were referred following surgery or dentistry. Of the 9 patients (43%) who exhibited >10% increase in SF-12 scores and so were deemed responders, SF12-physical and SF12-mental were increased by mean differences of 17 and 9 points, respectively. The mean duration of block lasted 15 ± 59 days (range 1 to 90 days) and no severe adverse effects were observed.

Conclusion

Improved QOL was observed in approximately 50% of patients with trigeminal neuralgia (TN) two weeks after specific nerve block. The technique was easy to administer and well accepted by the patients.

Keywords

Chronic pain trigeminal neuralgia refractory trigeminal neuralgia trigeminal nerve block quality of life.

Introduction

Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a clinical entity involving many aetiologies and causes a neuropathic pain that is sometimes refractory to all medical treatments.¹ The annual overall incidence of TN ranges from 4.3 to 27/100,000 people/year, and the incidence increases with advancing age.¹ First-line treatment for the management of TN is anticonvulsant medication (e.g., carbamazepine or oxcarbazepine) but approximately 25% of patients are refractory to carbamazepine,² and require additional treatment. Despite limited scientific evidence, alternative therapies such as peripheral trigeminal nerve block (TNB) are often used.^1,3,4 The efficacy of TNB on chronic pain is controversial but when effective its beneficial effects have been reported to be more prolonged than pharmacological effects.⁵ Indeed, the beneficial effect of TNB may last from several days to weeks.^6–8 Guidelines recommend that improvement in functional status and quality of life (QOL) should be the main criteria to evaluate the usefulness and efficacy of loco-regional anaesthesia in treating chronic pain.⁹ Therefore the primary objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of TNB on change in QOL, 15 days after the procedure, in patients with refractory TN. Secondary objectives were to evaluate pain levels, analgesic consumption, duration of block, and patient satisfaction over the same 15-day period.

Patients and Methods

This retrospective observational cohort study was performed between July 2018 and March 2019. Eligible patients were those with refractory TN who received a nerve block between 2014 and 2018 in a postoperative pain clinic at Limoges University Hospital. Patients who did not provide informed consent, had received a different type of block during the previous year, had incomplete medical records or had died since the TNB, were excluded from the study.

During their first consultation, patients had undergone a complete neurologic examination. Topographic information on their facial pain was recorded. After patient consent, TNBs were performed in conscious patients at the level of emergence of trigeminal nerve in the supra/infra zygomatic fossa or the supra orbital fossa.¹⁰ Following a negative aspiration test, patients received 5 ml levobupivacaine 0.5%, 1ml corticosteroid (i.e., cortivazol 3.75 mg/ml or betamethasone 7 mg/ml) and clonidine 1 μg . kg⁻¹ injected near the nerve trunk. Patients were instructed to contact the clinic to arrange a new TNB if their pain reappeared; the time difference between the two blocks was defined as the duration of analgesia. Pain was evaluated before each TNB using a visual analogue scale (VAS) score that ranged from 0–10. In addition, patients completed the Douleur Neuropathique 4 (DN4) questionnaire (scored 0–10) before the block and again in the recovery room.

Follow-up telephone calls were made to the patients 15 days after their TNB procedure. QOL was evaluated using the SF-12 questionnaire on Day 0 (before block) and Day 15. Non-responders were defined as those patients with <10% variation in SF-12 scores between the two timepoints. Patient satisfaction, evaluated on a simple verbal scale that ranged from 0 (bad) to 10 (excellent), adverse effects and patients’ assessment of medication consumption were evaluated on Day 15.

The reporting of this study conforms to STROBE guidelines.¹¹ All participants provided written informed consent. Patient data were anonymized prior to analysis. The study was approved by the hospital ethics committee (CPP Sud Méditerranée, Montpellier, France, 11 September 2018, N° ID-RCB 2018-A01979-46) and it was also registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03669744).

Statistical analyses

Statistical analyses were performed using XLSTAT software. Data obtained on Day 0 and Day 15 were compared using paired t-tests. Linear regression analysis was used to analyse any link between SF-12 scores and other quantitative data. A P-value <0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance.

Results

In total, 25 patients received TNB at our centre between 2014 and 2018. Of these, four patients were excluded from the analysis (i.e., lost to follow-up; other block; did not wish to participate; death). Demographic and clinical data of the 21 eligible patients are shown in Table 1. Most patients were older than 50 years (mean ± SD age was 62 ± 14 years) and with the exception of two patients, all patients had at least one concomitant disease. Most common aetiologies were post-surgical (8 patients, 38%) and post dental care (7 patients, 33%) and the average duration of symptoms before the first block was 4 ± 5 years. On average, TNB had been performed at least four times in each patient.

Table 1.

General characteristics of patient population.

	Patients n = 21
Sex, M/F	8/13
Age, years	62 ± 14
30–49	4 (19)
50–69	14 (67)
≥70	3 (14)
Other Diseases*
none	2 (10)
Cardiovascular	7 (33)
Pulmonary	2 (10)
Neurological	4 (20)
Metabolic	7 (33)
Digestive	2 (10)
Chronic inflammatory	3 (14)
Cancers	2 (10)
Allergy	4 (20)
Psychiatric and mood	4 (20)
Other chronic pain	9 (43)
Aetiology^∞
Idiopathic	2 (10)
Post-surgical	8 (38)
Post dental care	7 (33)
Post herpes zoster	2 (10)
Neurovascular compression syndromes	2 (10)
ENT Cancer	1 (5)
Intracranial tumour	1 (5)
Duration of first symptoms to first block, years	4 ± 5
≤1	2 (10)
2–4	9 (43)
5–9	6 (28)
≥10	4 (20)
Types of blocks (i.e., location of pain)^α
V1	4 (20)
V2	4 (20)
V3	6 (28)
V1 + V2	4 (20)
V2 + V3	3 (14)

Values are shown as n, n (%) or mean ± SD.

*Some patients had more than one concomitant disease.

^∞Some patients had more than one aetiology.

^αNerve blocks were performed in the supra orbital foramen (V1), supra zygomatic fossa (V2) or in the infra zygomatic fossa (V3).

Abbreviations: ENT, ear, nose and throat; F, female; M, male.

Before receiving the TNB, SF-12 physical (SF12-PS) and mental (SF-12 MS) scores were 35 ± 14 and 29 ± 11, respectively. At Day 15, mean SF-12 PS and mean SF-12 MS values had increased by 3 and 5 points, respectively. In total, 11 patients (52%) exhibited <10% increase in SF-12 PS and 12 patients (57%) <10% increase in SF-12 MS (Figure 1). Following exclusion of the non-responders, SF-12 PS increased by 16.6 points (P < 0.01), and SF-12 MS by 9.2 points (P = 0.01). Combining, SF-12-PS and SF-12 MS scores, 12 (57%) patients were deemed non responders and nine (43%) were responders.

Figure 1.

Individual SF-12 physical (SF-12PS) and mental (SF-12 MS) status scores. Patients with less than 10% improvement are shown by black solid lines. For SF-12PS there were 11 (52%) non-responders (two patients had same value). For SF-12MS, there were 12 (57%) non-responders. Following exclusion of the non-responders, SF-12 PS increased by 16.6 points (P < 0.01), and SF-12 MS by 9.2 points (P = 0.01).

No correlations were observed between the SF-12 scores and sex, age, time from first symptoms to first block or location of pain. Although there was no correlation between SF-12 MS scores and patient satisfaction, a significant correlation was observed between SF-12 PS scores and patient satisfaction (r² = 0.30, P = 0.01).

Mean VAS pain scores were reduced by 3 points over the 15-day period (P < 0.001). DN4 scores also decreased significantly following the block (P < 0.001). The mean duration of the block was 15 ± 59 days (range 1 to 90 days). Unsurprisingly, patient satisfaction scores correlated with duration of the block (r² = 0.51; P < 0.01). All nine (43%) responders had a satisfaction score ≥7. All 12 (57%) non-responders had a satisfaction score ≤5.

Patients reported that their pharmacological treatments were reduced over the 15 days (Figure 2). Six transitory adverse effects were observed (i.e., three cases of pain during injection; one case each of diplopia, edema at the puncture site, and local dysesthesia at the block area).

Figure 2.

Patient reported pharmacological treatments over the 15-day study period. All treatments were reduced following the block (x axis is % patients, some patients received several medications).

Discussion

Although approximately half of patients with refractory TN did not show an improvement in QOL as assessed by SF-12 survey, the remaining half showed a significant improvement in QOL that correlated with patient satisfaction. Pain scores were reduced over the 15-day period as was use of background pain therapies. Moreover, no major adverse effects were observed.

We searched the PubMed database for similar studies using “trigeminal nerve block,” OR “peripheral nerve block,” AND “trigeminal neuralgia.” as keywords/terms. Our literature search identified eight articles from 2013 to 2019; three were isolated clinical cases and five were small cohort studies (Table 2).^7,^8,12–17 The selected patients and type of blocks used in these studies were heterogeneous and so it is difficult to compare their results with ours. The choice and dose of drugs used in these studies were probably based on routine clinical practice. The most frequently used treatment was a combination of local anaesthetic and a long-lasting corticosteroid (usually dexamethasone). Interestingly, in several studies, the use of short acting lidocaine resulted in blocks that lasted longer far longer than we achieved in this present study with a long-acting local anaesthetic (i.e., levobupivacaine).^15,17 The combination treatment used in this present study included three drugs, a long-lasting local anaesthetic (0.5% levobupivacaine), a long-lasting corticosteroid and clonidine. Clonidine is widely used with loco-regional anaesthesia to increase and deepen analgesia in acute pain management ¹⁸ and prevent neuropathic pain.¹⁹

Table 2.

Summary of studies reporting trigeminal nerve block in refractory trigeminal neuralgia 2013–2019.

References	Methodology	Type of treatment	Efficacy on pain	QOL	Adverse effects	Comments
Nader et al. 2013⁷	Prospective cohort; n = 15	Pterygopalatine fossa: bupivacaine + dexamethasone or triamcinolone	All patients reported pain relief within 5 minutes of the injection	NA	None reported	Usefulness of ultrasound in guiding blocks
Nader et al. 2015¹²	Case report	Pterygopalatine fossa: bupivacaine + dexamethasone	Immediate pain relief with sustained analgesia >50% at 2 weeks. Pain relief was not sustained at one month, with return to pre-treatment symptoms	NA	None reported	Usefulness of ultrasound in guiding blocks
Di Stani et al. 2015¹³	RCT; n = 13Evaluations at Day 30 and 90.	Oral treatment vs oral treatment + TNB lidocaine at the foraminal emergence	Combination group had larger reduction in frequency of pain	SF-36	None reported	Clinical benefit of combination of pharmacotherapy and lidocaine
Takechi et al. 2015¹⁴	Prospective cohort; n = 6	Infraorbital foramen tetracaine + bupivacaine	All blocks produced analgesia and relieved the pain	NA	2 minor hematomas at puncture site, 2 cases of hypoesthesia	Usefulness of ultrasound in guiding blocks; Tetracaine is effective as neurolytic
Cok et al. 2017¹⁵	Case report	2 infraorbital TNB at 3-week interval: lidocaine + dexamethasone	Pain scored decreased for 21 months	NA	None reported	Usefulness of ultrasound in guiding blocks; combination of dexamethasone and lidocaine is effective
Villar-Quiles et al. 2017¹⁶	Prospective Cohort; n = 7	Internal canthus infiltration; bupivacaine	3 patients had recurrence <48 h; 4 patients had relief for 4 to 16 months	NA	None reported	Usefulness of ultrasound in guiding blocks
Perloff et al. 2018⁸	Retrospective cohort; n = 9	Blocks at the 3 foramen sites; bupivacaine + lidocaine	6 patients pain relief lasted 1–8 months	NA	None reported	TNB useful in emergency care setting
Gornitsky et al. 2019¹⁷	Case series; n = 3	Greater palatine block (V2); lidocaine + epinephrine	Approximate duration >12 months; significant reduction in antineuralgic medications	NA	None reported	Allows reduction in antineuralgic medications

NA, not assessed; QOL, quality of life; RCT, randomized controlled trial; SF-36: Short Form 36; TNB, trigeminal neuralgia block.

We found only one other study that had assessed QOL after nerve block for refractory TN.¹² The randomised study had been performed in 13 patients with TN who were receiving pharmacotherapy and six patients of these patients were randomized to also receive a lidocaine block. Using the SF-36 QOL questionnaires, the investigators found that patients on the combination therapy had improved QOL at follow-up visits up to 90 days. These findings are consistent with our results. We chose the SF-12 questionnaire because of its ease, rapidity and feasibility for a telephone interview. On Day 15, in our responder group, we observed score improvements of 17 for SF-12 PS and 9 for SF-12 MS. Opinions of clinically appropriate SF-12 score improvements are heterogeneous across the literature. For example, in patients with lumbago, 3- and 4-point variations in SF-12 PS were considered clinically pertinent but lower difference were observed in patients with chronic pain and a better baseline QOL.²⁰ By contrast, in another study, 9- and 14-point variations in SF-12 PS and MS were the threshold for clinically pertinent values following knee surgery.²¹In this present study, we decided that percentage variations were more relevant than variations expressed as absolute values. Indeed, the good correlation between 10% improvement in SF-12 PS and patient satisfaction suggests that this 10% threshold was clinically pertinent.

Other therapeutic options are available for refractory TN including microvascular decompression and thermocoagulation^22,23 However, they require general anaesthesia and sometimes repeated procedures to obtain optimal efficacy. In addition, reports suggest that 30–45% of patients must continue medical treatment after surgery.²⁴ Furthermore, prolonged adverse effects such as 15 to 50% sensory impairment have been observed²⁴ and, although rare, mortality has been reported following microvascular decompression.²³ The advantage of TNB is that it can be performed in an ambulatory setting, thereby avoiding general anaesthesia and related complications.

The study had several limitations. For instance, our sample size was small which limited the study’s statistical power. In addition, it was retrospective and uncontrolled. Furthermore, most patients (71%) were referred following surgery or dentistry and so post-traumatic trigeminal pain was over-represented in the group. Importantly, bias may have been introduced because 57% of patents were excluded from the analysis because they were deemed ‘non-responders.’ Nevertheless, this retrospective study observed improved QOL in approximal 50% patients with refractory TN, 15 days after specific nerve block. The technique is simple, well tolerated and well accepted by the patients. Further randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm these results, determine why some patients are unresponsive to the technique and identify the best combination of drugs to use.

Supplemental Material

sj-pdf-1-imr-10.1177_03000605221132027 - Supplemental material for Quality of life after trigeminal nerve block in refractory trigeminal neuralgia: A retrospective cohort study and literature review

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-imr-10.1177_03000605221132027 for Quality of life after trigeminal nerve block in refractory trigeminal neuralgia: A retrospective cohort study and literature review by Nicolas Jacques, Simon Karoutsos, Loïc Marais and Nathalie Nathan-Denizot in Journal of International Medical Research

Footnotes

Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank Arthur Baïsse for his critical review, Chantal Rougier and Laurent Nougier for their availability and Dr Jeanne Cook-Moreau for translation assistance.

Declaration of conflicting interests

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.

Funding

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

ORCID iD

Nicolas Jacques

References

Maarbjerg

Di Stefano

Bendtsen

, et al. Trigeminal neuralgia – diagnosis and treatment. Cephalalgia 2017; 37: 648–657.

Taylor

Brauer

Espir

ML.

Long-term treatment of trigeminal neuralgia with carbamazepine.

Postgrad Med J 1981; 57: 16–18.

Cruccu

Truini

Refractory Trigeminal Neuralgia: Non-Surgical Treatment Options.

CNS Drugs 2013; 27: 91–96.

Moore

Chong

Shetty

, et al. A systematic review of rescue analgesic strategies in acute exacerbations of primary trigeminal neuralgia. Br J Anaesth 2019; 123: e385–e396.

Vlassakov

Narang

Kissin

Local Anesthetic Blockade of Peripheral Nerves for Treatment of Neuralgias: Systematic Analysis.

Anesth Analg 2011; 112: 1487–1493.

Arnér

Lindblom

Meyerson

, et al. Prolonged relief of neuralgia after regional anesthetic blocks. A call for further experimental and systematic clinical studies. Pain 1990; 43: 287–297.

Nader

Kendall

De Oliveria

, et al. Ultrasound-guided trigeminal nerve block via the pterygopalatine fossa: an effective treatment for trigeminal neuralgia and atypical facial pain. Pain Physician 2013; 16: E537–E545.

Perloff

Chung

JS.

Urgent care peripheral nerve blocks for refractory trigeminal neuralgia.

Am J Emerg Med 2018 Nov; 36: 2058–2060.

Beloeil

Viel

Navez

, et al. Recommandation formalisée d'experts. Techniques analgésiques locorégionales et douleur chronique [Guidelines for regional anaesthetic and analgesic techniques in the treatment of chronic pain syndromes]. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 2013; 32: 275–284. Article in French.

10.

Pulcini

Guerin

Sibon

, et al. Blocs de la face. EMC-Anesthésie-Réanimation 2007; 4: 1–14. [French] Available online: https://www.em-consulte.com/article/64937/resume/blocs-de-la-face#

11.

Von Elm

Altman

Egger

, et al. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) Statement: Guidelines for Reporting Observational Studies. Ann Intern Med 2007; 147: 573–577.

12.

Nader

Bendok

Prine

, et al. Ultrasound-Guided Pulsed Radiofrequency Application via the Pterygopalatine Fossa: A Practical Approach to Treat Refractory Trigeminal Neuralgia. Pain Physician 2015; 18: E411–E415.

13.

Di Stani

Ojango

Dugoni

, et al. Combination of pharmacotherapy and lidocaine analgesic block of the peripheral trigeminal branches for trigeminal neuralgia: a pilot study. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2015; 73: 660–664.

14.

Takechi

Konishi

Kikuchi

, et al. Real-time ultrasound-guided infraorbital nerve block to treat trigeminal neuralgia using a high concentration of tetracaine dissolved in bupivacaine. Scand J Pain 2015; 6: 51–54.

15.

Cok

Deniz

Eker

, et al. Management of isolated infraorbital neuralgia by ultrasound-guided infraorbital nerve block with combination of steroid and local anesthetic. J Clin Anesth 2017; 37: 146–148.

16.

Villar-Quiles

García-Moreno

Mayo

, et al. Infratrochlear neuralgia: A prospective series of seven patients treated with infratrochlear nerve blocks. Cephalalgia 2018; 38: 585–591.

17.

Gornitsky

Elsaraj

Canie

, et al. Greater palatine block for V2 trigeminal neuralgia: Case report. Spec Care Dentist 2019; 39: 208–213.

18.

Naja

Al-Tannir

El-Rajab

, et al. The Effectiveness of Clonidine-Bupivacaine Repeated Nerve Stimulator-guided Injection in Piriformis Syndrome. Clin J Pain 2009; 25: 199–205.

19.

Mohamed

Abdel-Ghaffar

HS.

Effect of the addition of clonidine to locally administered bupivacaine on acute and chronic postmastectomy pain. J Clin Anesth 2013; 25: 20–27.

20.

Díaz-Arribas

Fernández-Serrano

Royuela

, et al. Minimal Clinically Important Difference in Quality of Life for Patients with Low Back Pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2017; 42: 1908–1916.

21.

Clement

Weir

Holland

, et al. Meaningful changes in the Short Form 12 physical and mental summary scores after total knee arthroplasty. Knee 2019; 26: 861–868.

22.

Han

Chae

Lee

, et al. Trigeminal nerve block with alcohol for medically intractable classic trigeminal neuralgia: long-term clinical effectiveness on pain. Int J Med Sci 2017; 14: 29–36.

23.

Lemos

Alegria

Oliveira

, et al. Pharmacological versus microvascular decompression approaches for the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia: clinical outcomes and direct costs. J Pain Res 2011; 4: 233–244.

24.

Hitchon

Holland

Noeller

, et al. Options in treating trigeminal neuralgia: Experience with 195 patients. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2016; 149: 166–170.

Supplementary Material

Please find the following supplemental material available below.

For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.

For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.

0.00 MB

0.16 MB