Abstract
Objectives
The crisis in Syria has had a profound impact on the entire region. In this study, we report the patterns of presentation and management of Syrian patients with breast cancer treated at our institution.
Methods
We retrospectively collected data on Syrian refugees treated for breast cancer over the past 10 years at our center. Management was compared against our approved clinical practice guidelines.
Results
A total of 113 patients were eligible and included. The median age (range) at diagnosis was 47 (21–84) years and most women presented with locally advanced or metastatic disease (n = 74, 65.5%). Breast-conserving surgery and breast reconstruction were performed in 27 (33.8%) and 11 (35.4%) patients, respectively. Only a few patients received targeted (35.5%) or advanced endocrine therapy (30.0%). In total, 37 (32.7%) patients had considerable deviations from our institutional treatment guidelines and had worse outcomes.
Conclusions
Syrian refugees with breast cancer present late, have more advanced-stage disease, and are more likely to receive delayed and suboptimal therapy. An international systematic approach for cancer care among such vulnerable populations is urgently needed.
Introduction
The crisis in Syria has had a profound impact on the entire region. Since its start in 2011, an estimated 5.6 million Syrians have fled their country, largely to Turkey, Jordan, and Lebanon. 1 Jordan hosts over 1 million Syrians; most of them do not reside in refugee camps but rather in host communities, where they have access to existing public health services. 2 Prior to the Syrian crisis, Jordan hosted hundreds of thousands of Iraqi refugees. 3 , 4
According to the latest national census and estimates, the total population of Jordan is close to 10 million, and 30% of the population are refugees. 5 Jordan was recently reclassified by the World Bank as an upper-middle-income country. 6 However, the country continues to experience a lack of natural resources, poor supplies of water, and high rates of inflation and unemployment. 7 According to official data from the World Bank, Jordan’s gross domestic product (GDP) was USD 43.74 billion in 2019. 8 The GDP per capita was USD 3284 in 2019, which is 13.6% lower than a decade ago and equivalent to only 26% of the world average. 9
In 2018, cancer affected more than 18 million people worldwide, and more than 9.0 million died from the disease. These figures are expected to double by 2040, with the greatest increase in low- and middle-income countries, accounting for more than two-thirds of the world's cancer burden. 10 Refugees are clearly also susceptible to developing cancer; before arriving in Jordan, many refugees received cancer treatment in neighboring countries, adding to the cancer burden in those countries. 11 , 12
A lack of sufficient funding from either host countries or international refugee aid organizations results in suboptimal treatment of patients with cancer. 13 During the period 2011 to 2019, 917 Syrian patients with cancer were registered in the King Hussein Cancer Center (KHCC) hospital-based cancer registry. 14
Cancer is the second leading cause of death in Jordan after cardiovascular diseases. 15 The Jordanian government bears the cost of treating cancer in public hospitals for all Jordanian citizens. However, cancer care among Syrian refugees is fragmented and poorly organized.
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in Jordan as well as in the surrounding region, and it is the third most common cause of cancer death after lung cancer and colorectal cancer. 16 More than 1200 cases were included in the most recent report published by the Jordanian Cancer Registry. 17 Similar to most neighboring countries, breast cancer in Jordan is usually diagnosed at younger ages, with the median age at diagnosis being 51 years; fewer than one-third of patients with cancer are diagnosed over 60 years of age. 18 The disease is associated with a high cure rate if diagnosed at an early stage. 19
In this study, we report the patterns of presentation and management among Syrian refugees with breast cancer who were treated and followed at our institution.
Methods
In this study, we retrospectively collected data of Syrian refugees who presented to our institution with a diagnosis of breast cancer. Data were collected for patients treated from January 2011 to December 2019; however, most of the included patients were treated during the period 2015 to 2019. Data were extracted from our hospital-based cancer registry, which was established in 2006 and includes all patients diagnosed, treated, and followed at our institution since that date. All consecutive Syrian refugee patients with pathologically proven breast cancer who were confirmed, treated, and followed at our institution were included in this analysis. As per our institution’s guidelines, all patients signed consent forms prior to all diagnostic or therapeutic interventions.
Eligible patients were age 18 years or older and had more than one medical encounter at our center. We collected data from the electronic medical records and pathology and radiology reports. Management was compared against our approved institutional clinical practice guidelines (CPGs). All procedures performed in this study involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee at KHCC and with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments. All patient details were de-identified and the requirement for written informed consent was waived by the ethics committee at KHCC. The reporting in this study conforms to the STrengthening the Reporting of OBservational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement. 20
Statistical analysis
Patients’ clinical and pathologic characteristics were collected, tabulated, and described using range, median, or percentage. Vital status at the time of data analysis was obtained from the Department of Civil Status, a governmental agency that issues all death certificates. Primary endpoints were patient’s disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). Follow-up duration was calculated from the date of diagnosis until the last visit to an oncology clinic. DFS was defined as the time from the date of diagnosis to the date of the first local recurrence, the development of contralateral or ipsilateral breast cancer including ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) but not lobular carcinoma in situ, distant metastasis, or death from any cause. Moreover, OS was defined as the time from the date of diagnosis until the date of death from any cause. The median follow-up time was relatively short at 15 (range, 1–103) months. The Kaplan–Meier method was used to estimate OS and DFS. Survival analyses were performed using IBM SPSS version 26 for Mac (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA).
Results
Patient and disease characteristics
During the study period, 147 adult Syrian refugee patients with breast cancer had at least one medical encounter at our institution. All were women, and the median age (range) at diagnosis was 47 (21–84) years. Thirty-four (23.1%) patients did not complete the work-up and missed subsequent visits; these patients were excluded from the analysis. The remaining 113 patients had biopsy-proven invasive ductal carcinoma (n = 110) or DCIS (n = 3) and continued their treatment and follow-up at our institution; we included all 113 patients in the study. Breast cancer was diagnosed at an early stage in 39 (34.5%) patients whereas 48 (42.5%) and 26 (23.0%) patients had locally advanced or metastatic disease, respectively. Estrogen receptors were positive in 75 (66.4%) patients and 63 (55.8%) patients had progesterone receptor-positive disease. Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive disease was documented in 31 (27.4%) patients and 18 (15.9%) patients had triple-negative disease (Table 1).
Patients’ characteristics.
HER2, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2.
Treatment and outcomes
Eighty (70.8%) patients underwent surgery; among these, 60 (75.0%) were at our institution. The median time (range) from the first medical encounter to surgery for those who underwent upfront surgery was 8 (1–22) weeks. Breast-conserving surgery was performed in 27 (33.8%) women; however, only 11 (35.4%) of the 31 patients eligible for breast reconstruction underwent this procedure (Table 2). Adjuvant radiation therapy was provided to 49 (77.7%) of 63 candidate patients, and some were delayed.
Surgery and chemotherapy.
*Out of 31 eligible patients.
As shown in Table 2, systemic treatment with chemotherapy was provided to 103 (91.2%) patients, as neoadjuvant (n = 37, 35.9%), adjuvant (n = 45, 43.7%), and palliative (n = 21, 20.4%) therapy. However, only 11 (35.5%) of 31 patients with HER2-positive disease received anti-HER2 therapy. Additionally, only 3 (30.0%) of 10 patients who were candidates for cyclin-dependent kinase 4 and 6 (CDK4/6) inhibitors received treatment. Genetic testing and counseling were also suboptimal; only 8 (12.3%) of 65 candidate patients, as judged by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network, 21 underwent genetic testing. Across all needed treatments, 37 (32.7%) patients had considerable deviations when judged against our institutional CPGs, Figure 1.
Percentage of patients treated according to local guidelines.
After a median (range) follow-up of 15 (1–103) months, 14 (12.4%) patients died. The median OS in patients treated with no deviation from our standard guidelines was 71.5 months compared with 45.3 months for those whose treatment deviated from the guidelines (p = 0.096), Figure 2a. Similarly, the median DFS for patients treated according to our guidelines was 62.7 months, compared with 28.6 months for those whose treatment deviated from the guidelines (p = 0.011), shown in Figure 2b.
(a) Overall survival, and (b) disease-free survival.
Discussion
Cancer, as well as other noncommunicable diseases, are neglected dimensions of refugees’ health in many host countries. The complexity and cost of cancer care could be the main contributing factors. 22 Breast cancer is a potentially curable disease. Comprehensive cancer control programs that include primary prevention, screening and early detection, multimodality treatment, survivorship, and supportive/palliative care can considerably reduce the cancer burden and improve outcomes. Such dimensions are not addressed in a systematic way for Syrian refugees.
Comprehensive early detection programs directed toward relatively large number of refugees are difficult to implement in a country with limited resources like Jordan. The geographic distribution of Syrian refugees across most of the northern and central part of the country may complicate efforts to provide access to early-detection facilities.
The silent nature of breast cancer in its early stages, as well as the difficulties most refugee patients may encounter in accessing medical care, may contribute to the late presentation seen among the patients in our study. Nearly two-thirds of patients had locally-advanced (42.5%) or metastatic disease (23.0%) at diagnosis. Previous studies from neighboring host countries have reached similar conclusions. 11 , 12
It is not unusual for patients to spend much time and effort in reaching a tertiary care center. In our study, 34 (23.1%) patients were seen only once at our institution, never completed the work-up, and missed subsequent visits. Quality cancer care requires a multidisciplinary approach, which is not present in smaller hospitals and primary health care clinics made available for refugees. A clear referral system, taking into consideration patient- and disease-related factors, is urgently needed. However, many host countries require a good deal of financial and logistic support to establish such systems.
Because cancer therapy is becoming extremely expensive, cancer care represents a substantial burden for host countries. Many patients with early-stage disease enrolled in our study had no access to breast reconstruction, despite their younger age at presentation. Anti-HER2 therapy, which is the standard of care among patients with early- or advanced-stage disease, is also difficult to provide; only one-third of our eligible patients were treated with anti-HER2 therapy. Expensive, recently introduced endocrine therapy, such as CDK4/6 inhibitors, is also difficult to obtain.
In a study that modeled the direct cost of cancer care among Syrian refugee populations residing in host countries using the cost per capita approach, the total cancer care cost for all 4.74 million Syrian refugees in Jordan, Lebanon, and Turkey was estimated to be EUR 140.23 million in 2017. 23
Policy makers should understand that implementing cancer control programs across the continuum, from early detection all the way to survivorship and palliative care programs, is cost effective. 24 The 2019 World Health Organization report on cancer found that for every USD 1 invested in cancer, there is a direct productivity return of USD 2.30 and total social return of USD 9.50. 25
Our outcome data clearly demonstrate the effect of deviation from standard clinical practice guidelines on treatment outcomes. Such deviations were encountered across all aspects of cancer management in our study, including early detection, diagnosis, and active therapy. Although such differences in outcomes were anticipated, our study confirmed their existence despite the relatively short follow-up and small number of patients included in this study. Such differences can also be expected for other types of cancer.
Cancer therapy does not only involve surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. Psychosocial support, supportive/palliative care, and survivorship are also key components of therapy. Genetic counseling and genetic testing were performed in only 12% of eligible patients in our study.
A recent policy review study included 733 refugees referred to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees in Jordan and Lebanon. Patients were analyzed according to cancer type, risk factors, treatment cost, and coverage status. The study results highlighted the need to increase funding and establish standard operating procedures to ensure equitable access to care across the cancer care continuum from early detection through treatment and including palliative and supportive care. 26
Our study addresses the problem of breast cancer among refugees. We believe that highlighting these problems, particularly among refugee patients with breast cancer, will help with developing solutions within health care systems that are directed toward refugees. Host countries with limited resources, like Jordan, will not be able to cope with the increasing demand for health care. Management of chronic illnesses among refugees, like breast cancer, mandates international partnerships to better improve early detection and prevention, as well as health care service availability and delivery of standard anti-cancer therapy. Additionally, data management systems, including cancer registries linked to treatment outcomes for refugees at national, regional, and international levels, are critically needed.
Our study has several limitations that need to be considered. This was a retrospective study with a limited number of patients from a single institution; thus, the findings might not be generalizable to the entire refugee population in Jordan or throughout the region. Nonetheless, the current study has several strengths; the data were obtained from the largest cancer center in the region and in a country that has previously hosted and currently hosts a large number of refugees.
Conclusions
Syrian refugees with breast cancer present late and with more advanced-stage disease. These patients are more likely to receive delayed and suboptimal treatment that includes surgery, genetic counseling, and systemic anti-cancer therapy. Our findings highlight the urgent need for an international systematic approach to cancer care in such vulnerable populations.
Footnotes
Declaration of conflicting interest
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
Funding
This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
Author contributions
Conception and design: Hikmat Abdel-Razeq, Faris Tamimi.
Collection and assembly of data: Faris Tamimi, Maryam El-Atrash, Baha’ Sharaf, Rawan Mustafa, Nayef Abdel-Razeq.
Data analysis and interpretation: Hikmat Abdel-Razeq, Faris Tamimi, Nayef Abdel-Razeq, Razan Mansour, Rayan Bater.
Manuscript writing: All authors.
Final approval of the manuscript: All authors.
Accountable for all aspects of the work: All authors.
