Emergency amputation necessitated within 24 hours by a human bite: a case report

Abstract

We herein review and analyze the diagnosis, treatment, and outcome of a severe infection caused by a human bite. A 68-year-old man was bitten on the forearm by a 3-year-old child. Rapid progression of infection, severe local and systemic poisoning, and diverse clinical manifestations were observed at presentation. Based on the medical history, physical signs, imaging examinations (X-ray films, color Doppler ultrasound, and computed tomography), laboratory examinations, and multidisciplinary consultation, the patient was diagnosed with gas gangrene or gas gangrene-like changes. Twenty-four hours after the injury, an emergency amputation was performed (open amputation with wound closure after 1 week). After the operation, the patient was sent to the intensive care unit for isolation and further anti-infection and anti-shock treatments. His condition gradually improved after treatment and he was discharged without further complications. Bacteriological and pathological examinations indicated Aeromonas hydrophila infection leading to extensive necrotizing fasciitis of the limb and severe systemic poisoning. In addition, pre-existing myelodysplastic syndrome progressing to acute myeloid leukemia was identified as a possible predisposing factor. Human bites can cause serious infections requiring timely treatment, particularly in patients with predisposing comorbidities.

Introduction

Human bites are relatively frequent but very rarely cause severe infections, especially with severe systemic symptoms. In emergency cases, however, it is important to consider this possibility and initiate early anti-infection and active anti-shock treatments when necessary. Surgical treatment should follow life-saving, limb-preserving, and function-preserving principles. In 2018, our hospital admitted a patient whose right forearm had been bitten by a 3-year-old child. The infection was initially undetected but then rapidly progressed to severe systemic poisoning requiring limb amputation. The infection was controlled under isolation in the intensive care unit (ICU), and the patient gradually recovered. The reporting of this study conforms to the CARE guidelines. ¹ All patient details have been de-identified in this manuscript.

Patient information

A 68-year-old man was admitted to the hospital with a superficial, roughly 4-cm right forearm bite delivered by his 3-year-old grandson 24 hours earlier. The limb appeared swollen and cyanotic, and the patient reported general discomfort for 4 hours prior to admission. At the time of the injury, the lesion was neither washed nor disinfected. Roughly 16 hours after the injury, the patient developed swelling and pain in the distal right upper extremity. He visited a local clinic and was diagnosed with “gout arthritis” without laboratory confirmation and was given nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory treatment. Despite treatment, he reported gradual worsening of the swelling and pain of the limb, purpura around the wound and right hand, and systemic symptoms including weakness, palpitation, and cold sweats. He then visited the emergency department of our hospital seeking further treatment.

Clinical findings

At presentation, the patient was experiencing acute pain and was in shock as evidenced by hypotension, a rapid pulse, and cold sweats. His upper limb exhibited flaky plaques, swelling, and weak iliac artery pulsation. Dopamine was immediately administered to maintain his blood pressure, and both laboratory and imaging examinations were conducted. Because of the patient’s complicated condition, the attending doctor reported the situation to the hospital duty officer to organize staff for multidisciplinary medical treatment. During the observation period in the emergency department, the swelling and ecchymosis of the patient’s limb continued to expand and rapidly progress. Examination of the upper right limb by a surgeon revealed crepitus of the subcutaneous soft tissue. A puncture examination of the primary lesion revealed gas bubbles in the subcutaneous tissue with edema. The patient was administered anti-infection treatment in the emergency department, but this did not alleviate the condition, and his limb lesions continued to expand (Figures 1 and 2) concomitant with deterioration of consciousness.

Figure 1.

Condition of the right upper limb. (a) The condition of the right upper limb at presentation to the emergency department. The 4-cm superficial bite wound was accompanied by local flaky plaques, swelling, and severe pain. (b) After 3 hours of anti-infection treatment, the local condition was aggravated.

Figure 2.

Preoperative condition of the right arm. Swelling and ecchymosis progressed rapidly, involving the entire forearm, and the soft tissue in the right upper limb showed subcutaneous crepitus. Large numbers of gas bubbles were withdrawn from the main lesion, but no fluid was extracted.

Diagnostic assessment

The patient’s emergency laboratory examination results were as follows: white blood cell count, 4.85 × 10⁹/L; hemoglobin (HGB) concentration, 70 g/L; platelet (PLT) count, 36 × 10⁹/L; C-reactive protein concentration, 68.35 mg/L; and procalcitonin concentration, 48.960 ng/mL. Blood coagulation was normal. X-ray and computed tomography examinations revealed a large volume of gas in the soft tissue of the right hand and forearm (Figure 3). Smear examination of the bite wound showed a large number of Gram-negative bacilli. Therefore, we considered this to be a case of gas gangrene-like infection.

Figure 3.

X-ray and computed tomography findings. A large volume of gas was present in the soft tissue of the right hand and forearm.

Therapeutic intervention

Open amputation

The surgeon performed a fish mouth incision in the skin 5 cm proximal to the lesion, entered the limb layer by layer, revealed important vascular nerves and disconnected them, ligated the blood vessels, cut the bone at the upper part of the humerus, and trimmed the stump. The proximal muscles responded to electrotome stimulation. The muscle was sutured to cover the end of the bone. The wound was not sutured but was wrapped in a large amount of sterile wound dressing. After the operation, the patient was sent to the ICU of the Infection Department for isolation treatment under endotracheal intubation. Dissection of the amputated limb section caused a large amount of malodorous gas to escape. The lesions were necrotic and dark purple, and some tissues had dissolved (Figure 4).

Figure 4.

Condition of the residual limb. A large amount of malodorous gas escaped, the lesions were necrotic, and some tissues had dissolved.

ICU isolation and follow-up treatment

The patient was treated under isolation according to the standards for gas gangrene. He received a combination of penicillin, meropenem, and clindamycin for infection and vasoactive drugs to maintain his blood pressure. He developed an intermittent fever after the operation, reaching 40°C. The patient’s infection index, procalcitonin concentration, and C-reactive protein concentration were still elevated for 3 days postoperatively, after which they gradually decreased. Both his HGB concentration and PLT count remained at low levels during ICU treatment. Multi-point bacteriological culture revealed Aeromonas hydrophila. Postoperative pathologic examination revealed a large amount of necrotic tissue and inflammatory cell infiltration. In the bone marrow smear, original granulocytes accounted for 16.5% and original naive mononuclear cells accounted for 21.0%. Bone marrow biopsy revealed mild myeloid hyperplasia with decreased megakaryocytes, interstitial edema, and megakaryocyte reduction. In view of these results, the hematologist proposed a diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) (revised from myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)). The surgeons replaced the wound dressing daily after the surgery. During this process, the exposed stump tissue emitted a foul odor and exudate and exhibited local muscle tissue necrosis and a small number of ecchymoses around the wound (Figure 5). One week after surgery, the stump was trimmed to remove the necrotic tissue. About 6 cm of the humerus was then removed from the proximal end. The wound was sutured layer by layer and covered with a vacuum sponge. The vacuum sponge was removed 1 week after stump revision surgery.

Figure 5.

Wound condition after the first surgery. Three days after the first operation, the exposed stump wound emitted a foul odor and exudate. Local muscle tissue necrosis and a small number of ecchymoses around the wound were also observed.

Follow-up and outcomes

After active treatment, the patient’s vital signs gradually recovered and stabilized. All laboratory indicators, including the HGB concentration and PLT count, gradually recovered to near normal levels. The patient was extubated on the 11th day after amputation and resumed spontaneous breathing. His state of consciousness remained clear. When the wound had healed (Figure 6), the patient was discharged but did not agree to continue chemotherapy for AML and died of blood system disease 2 years later.

Figure 6.

Wound condition after the second surgery. Ten days after the second operation, the wound was clean and well-healed.

Discussion

Although bites from children are relatively common, they rarely have such serious consequences in such a short period. In fact, no similar reports were found in the literature. Infections from human and animal bite wounds are usually caused by a mixture of aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms. ² In this case, the onset was sudden after an initial delay and the disease progressed rapidly, reaching a state of severe systemic toxicity within 24 hours. In such cases, it is very difficult for the attending emergency physician to make decisions regarding diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment.

Surgical exploration of the amputated limb resulted in the release of a large amount of malodorous gas. The muscles near the lesion were dark and inactivated, and some tissues had dissolved. Bacteriologic culture revealed A. hydrophila, and pathological examination showed a large amount of necrotic tissue and inflammatory cell infiltration. Furthermore, A. hydrophila accumulation was also detected in the open wound of the amputated limb. Considering all these findings, we concluded that the human bite wound was infected with A. hydrophila, leading to extensive necrotizing fasciitis of the limb and severe systemic poisoning.

Aeromonas hydrophila is a Gram-negative bacillus commonly found in soil, sewage, and fresh or brackish water. In healthy people, the most common clinical manifestations of A. hydrophila infection are diarrhea and soft tissue infection. In people with low immune system function or liver disease, A. hydrophila can cause meningitis, endocarditis, peritonitis, hemolytic uremic syndrome, and sepsis. ³ In certain predisposed individuals, A. hydrophila can also cause a variety of skin and soft tissue infections ranging from subcutaneous (cellulitis) to deep tissue involvement with spread along the fascial plane (such as necrotizing fasciitis); it may also cause serious damage to muscle tissue (muscle necrosis). Such rare cases of necrotizing fasciitis are most common in patients with liver disease or malignancy. ⁴ The clinical course of this type of necrotizing fasciitis is very similar to that of gas gangrene, with rapid progression and mortality in 60% to 75% of cases. ⁵

There are two possible explanations of how the human bite led to A. hydrophila infection in the present case. One possibility is that the child’s saliva contained A. hydrophila and that bacteria directly entered the patient during the bite. Because we did not test the child’s saliva, we cannot rule out this transmission route. Another possibility is that A. hydrophila was present in the patient’s clothes. We repeatedly asked the patient and family about the patient’s prior activities and learned that he had been fishing at a pond before the injury and that the child had bitten him through his clothes. This suggests that A. hydrophila was transferred from the patient’s sleeves during the bite.

Aeromonas hydrophila is a conditional pathogen; therefore, why it caused such serious infection in this patient remains unclear. At presentation, both the HGB concentration and PLT count were abnormally low, and the patient’s condition did not improve despite anti-infective treatment and HGB and PLT supplementation. We suspected that the patient may have a blood-related disease; therefore, bone marrow puncture was conducted by a hematologist, who found signs of AML converted from MDS. Immunological dysfunction is a predisposing factor for serious A. hydrophila infection. Ko et al. ⁶ conducted the largest study of Aeromonas bacteremia to date. The study lasted 10 years and revealed that the major underlying diseases associated with systemic infection were cirrhosis (54%) and malignancy (21%). ⁶ Tsai et al. ⁷ found that patients with AML had the highest risk of sepsis, followed by patients with MDS, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, and acute lymphocytic leukemia. Therefore, we conclude that pre-existing MDS progressing to AML was a predisposing factor for this serious infection by A. hydrophila. Alternatively, MDS due to infection cannot be ruled out. Physicians treating severe A. hydrophila infection should also investigate the possibility of undiagnosed underlying diseases, especially those that may cause severe immune dysfunction. The misdiagnosis at the local clinic was the main reason leading to the delay of anti-infection treatment in the present case, and the delay was about 4 hours. About 20 hours after the injury, the patient had developed a severe infection. This period approximates the incubation period of A. hydrophila infection in patients with trauma, liver disease, or immunosuppression.

Based on the patient’s condition in the emergency department, we had reason to suspect gas gangrene and treated the patient accordingly. Once gas gangrene has been diagnosed, surgery should be performed as soon as possible. ⁸ Even if the patient is in shock, surgery should be performed while the shock is being rescued. At that time, we could have chosen either limb salvage surgery or amputation. Postoperatively, partial necrosis was still progressing in the stump, and culture indicated the presence of A. hydrophila. Therefore, during the second stump trimming, the proximal end had to be shortened by 6 cm.

Human bite-induced necrotizing fasciitis (gas gangrene-like changes) or sepsis caused by A. hydrophila is very rare. In this case, the bite wound was not treated initially, which was the most direct cause of infection. The patient also had AML converted from MDS, which was a risk factor for severe systemic infection. Physicians must pay special attention to cases of severe A. hydrophila infection in patients with no known underlying diseases. It is also critical to strengthen health education on timely disinfection of wounds, especially for patients with poor resistance. For serious infections caused by unusual bacteria, we need to make full use of medical resources, and anti-infective and anti-shock treatments should be actively conducted as soon as possible. Surgery should follow life-saving, limb-protecting, and function-preserving principles. The doctor must actively communicate with the patient’s family regarding the choice of the surgical plan, especially when amputation may be required.