Optic disc metastasis presenting as an initial sign of non-small-cell lung cancer: a case report

Abstract

Most intraocular metastases are detected in the choroid, iris, ciliary body, or retina. Conversely, tumors rarely metastasize to the optic disc, and they even less frequently present as the initial sign of cancer. In this study, we presented the case of a patient who first visited the ophthalmology department because of gradual visual impairment without any systemic symptoms, and she was ultimately diagnosed with non-small-cell lung cancer. This case report illustrated that visual impairment may be the first sign of non-small-cell lung cancer; therefore, we should not neglect ocular metastasis even when the patient has no systemic symptoms on her/his first visit to the ophthalmology department.

Introduction

Metastatic tumors in the optic disc are extremely rare. Most intraocular metastases are detected in the choroid (88%), iris (9%), or ciliary body (2%), and less than 1% of these lesions are detected in the retina. ¹ In this study, we discussed the case of a patient who first presented to our department with optic disc metastasis as the initial sign of non-small-cell lung cancer.

Case report

A 57-year-old woman was referred to our hospital on July 16, 2017 for gradual visual impairment in her right eye without any systemic symptom such as cough, chest pain, or fever. Her medical and family histories were unremarkable. On examination, her best-corrected visual acuities (BCVAs) were 20/400 in the right eye and 20/20 in the left eye. A relative afferent pupillary defect was detected in her right eye. No other abnormality was noted in the anterior segment of the eye. Funduscopy revealed irregular yellow-white thickening of the optic disc with venous congestion (Figure 1a). Fluorescein fundus angiography disclosed hyperfluorescence of the optic disc together with abnormal extension of the adjacent capillaries in the arterial and early venous phases (Figure 1c). B-scan ultrasonography revealed elevation of the optic disc together with high reflectivity of the adjacent vitreous body in the right eye (Figure 1d). In addition, optic coherence tomography revealed retinal detachment and numerous high-reflective dots in the sub-retinal space (Figure 1e). Because of worsening of her BCVA, the patient underwent computed tomography (CT) of the chest and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan of the brain to exclude systemic diseases. Surprisingly, CT uncovered a large lobulated mass (55 × 35 mm²) in the apex of the left lung. Small metastatic lesions were observed in the right frontal and left occipital lobes of the brain on MRI; however, no metastasis to the intraorbital or intracranial optic nerve was noted on MRI. Bronchoscopy biopsy demonstrated that the lesion was adenocarcinoma, a sub-type of non-small-cell lung carcinoma. Then, she received chemotherapy with carboplatin and pemetrexed in the thoracic tumor department at other general hospital for 20 months. However, the patient did not visit any ophthalmologist during chemotherapy. She returned to our eye hospital after chemotherapy after complaining of vision loss. On examination, her visual acuity was no light perception, and severe cataract was found in her right eye (Figure 2a). Ultrasonography demonstrated that the tumor metastasized to the vitreous body (Figure 2b). However, the condition of the patient was too poor to permit ophthalmic surgery or radiotherapy. The patient died of multiple organ failure 25 months after chemotherapy.

Figure 1.

Optic disc metastasis in the right eye of a 57-year-old woman with non-small-cell lung cancer. (a) Color fundus photography revealed irregular yellow-white thickening of the optic disc as well as venous congestion. (b) Color fundus photography uncovered no metastasis in the left eye. (c) Fundus fluorescein angiography highlighted the hyperfluorescence of the optic disc together with abnormal extension of the adjacent capillaries in the arterial and early venous phases. (d) B-scan ultrasonography revealed elevation of the optic disc together with high reflectivity of the adjacent vitreous body in the right eye. (e) Detachment of the retina and numerous high reflective dots in the sub-retinal space were observed via optic coherence tomography.

Figure 2.

Follow-up 20 months after chemotherapy with carboplatin and pemetrexed. (a) The patient developed cataract in her right eye. (b) Ultrasonography revealed that the tumor likely metastasized to the vitreous body.

Discussion

Most intraocular metastases arise in the uveal tract. ² To our knowledge, metastatic tumors in the optic disc are extremely rare, and few case reports have been published.^3–14 Previously published studies on involving optic disc metastasis are listed in Table 1. Specifically, in these published cases, the diagnosis of optic disc metastasis was easily established because all patients already had a clear history of primary tumors (Table 1). Differing from most previously published papers, the patient in this case report presented with visual impairment because of optic disc metastasis as the first sign before the diagnosis of cancer, which might be misdiagnosed as infectious or inflammatory retinitis. ¹ Interestingly, MRI of the affected eye illustrated that no intraorbital or intracranial optic nerve was involved, suggesting that the lesion was an isolated optic nerve head metastasis. In fact, with the development of multimodal imaging, ophthalmologists can easily identify optic disc metastasis. This case report reminds ophthalmologists to consider ocular metastasis even when the patient has no systemic symptoms on her/his first visit to the ophthalmology department.

Table 1.

A summary of previously published studies involving optic disc metastasis.

Author, year [ref.]	Age, years	Sex	Primary tumor	Ocular symptoms as an initial sign?	Systemic treatment	Ocular metastasis	Ocular treatment	Prognosis
Kim et al., 2020 [3]	65	Female	Invasive mammary carcinoma	No	Mastectomy and anti-estrogen chemotherapy	Left optic disc	Radiation	Regression of the optic disc lesion
Aghdam et al., 2019 [4]	39	Female	Breast cancer	No	Mastectomy and chemotherapy with docetaxel	Right optic disc	N/A	N/A
Micieli et al., 2016 [5]	67	Female	Lung adenocarcinoma	Yes	Chemotherapy together with whole-brain radiation	Right optic disc	Stereotactic radiotherapy	Visual acuity decline and subsequent death
Yang et al., 2013 [6]	75	Male	Prostate adenocarcinoma	Yes	Not mentioned	Right optic disc	N/A	Enucleation of the eyeball
Yildiz et al., 2011 [7]	63	Male	Sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma	No	Thyroidectomy and chemotherapy	Left optic disc + choroidal metastasis	N/A	Died after 2 months
Fukuda et al., 2011 [8]	69	Male	Pulmonary carcinoma	No	Chemotherapy and radiation for brain	Left optic disc	Vitrectomy	Died after 4 months
Adachi et al., 2003 [9]	65	Male	Larynx carcinoma	No	Surgery and radiotherapy	Left optic disc	N/A	Died after 1 month
Mendoza et al., 2001 [10]	51	Male	Small-cell lung adenocarcinoma	Yes	Radiation for the mediastinal mass, brain, and optic nerve	Right optic disc	Radiation	Regression of the optic disc lesion, subsequent death
Cho et al., 2010 [11]	51	Female	Breast cancer	No	Taxotere-carboplatin chemotherapy	Left optic nerve	N/A	Lesion was stable after 9 months of follow-up
Takagi et al., 1989 [12]	45	Male	Lung adenocarcinoma	No	Not mentioned	Left optic nerve	Enucleation of the left eyeball	Died after 3 months
Pollock et al., 1991 [13]	36	Male	Cutaneous melanoma	No	Resection of cutaneous melanoma from the right side of his neck 10 years ago	Left optic nerve and vitreous seeding	N/A	N/A
Gallie et al., 1975 [14]	49	Male	Squamous cell carcinoma of the lungs	No	Radiotherapy of the chest	Right optic disc	Enucleation of the right eyeball	Died after 9 months