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Abstract

Introduction

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common gastrointestinal cancer that occurs worldwide, and conventional transarterial chemoembolization (cTACE) is one of the first treatment choices for advanced HCC. However, biochemical factors and comorbidity have seldom been reported in the long-term outcomes.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study included 444 HCC patients who underwent cTACE-based therapy in 2010 to 2012. Survival outcomes were analyzed using a Kaplan–Meier curve and Cox regression analysis.

Results

The mean age was 62.1 ± 12.5 years, and 74.3% were men. Analysis of the mean biochemical values indicated that the presence of portal vein thrombosis, α-fetoprotein (AFP) >200 ng/mL, AJCC 7th stage III, diabetes, albumin <3 g/dL, and hemoglobin were significantly and independently associated with poorer long-term outcomes.

Discussion

The presence of venous thrombus and elevation of AFP levels are the most important factors in cTACE treatment. The host factors, including metabolic status and liver damage, should be evaluated in these patients.

Keywords

Hepatocellular carcinoma TACE diabetes portal vein thrombosis α-fetoprotein albumin hemoglobin

Introduction

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common cancer and the third leading cancer globally.^1,2 Curative therapies for HCC such as surgical resection, radiofrequency ablation, and liver transplantation offer a good survival benefit. However, most HCC patients with multiple lesions or vascular invasion did not qualify for the curative treatment.^3,4 Since its first introduction four decades ago, transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) has been shown to be a valuable therapy for HCC patients with the intermediate-stage (B) of the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) staging system.^5,6 Over the years, variable technical aspects have been proposed including different embolic agents, drug-eluting beads (DEB TACE), treatment interval and combination therapy with targeted therapy or radiotherapy (transarterial radioembolization). Conventional TACE (cTACE), which involves injecting a mixture of cytotoxic agents and ethiodol oil using interventional radiological technique, was the mainstay of popular TACE treatment method during the three to four decades of its development, especially in Japan and Taiwan.^7–9

The survival benefit of cTACE has been shown in BCLC stage B HCC patients in randomized trials and in meta-analyses.^10–12 Through the 1990s, selective and superselective approach TACE were developed to control the damage to normal parenchyma and improve the treatment response.^13–15 The 4th International Kyoto Liver Cancer Symposium (IKLS) declared that the tumor size, number, location, and grading were the most concerning host factors for cTACE, and treatment failure was discussed to improve the outcomes.¹⁶ However, few studies considered host factors such as comorbidities (e.g. diabetes), transaminase levels, and nutritional status. Recently, one study on early mortality after partial hepatectomy reported that surgical complications, low albumin levels, diabetes, and high α-fetoprotein (AFP) levels were independent predictive factors.¹⁷ Therefore, the treatment modality should be carefully selected because the liver function and host conditions could possibly affect the oncologic outcomes.

This retrospective study aimed to analyze the influence biochemical factors and diabetes of HCC patients who underwent cTACE as a primary treatment at a northern Taiwan tertiary center.

Materials and methods

Patients and study design

Between January 2010 and December 2012, 444 HCC patients who received the primary treatment of cTACE at a northern Taiwan tertiary center were included in this study. The clinical host factors and HCC risk factors such as demographic parameters, clinical parameters, hepatitis markers, tumor-related parameters, liver functional reserve, treatment modalities, and outcomes were recorded and analyzed. This retrospective study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Chang Gung Medical Foundation (201701003B0); written informed consent was not required because of the retrospective nature of the study, and all identifying information was protected for the enrolled patients and their families. The treatment protocol for HCC was based on the BCLC staging system. Patients were considered to exhibit unresectable HCC when at least one of the following conditions was present: multiple nodules, liver cirrhosis, inadequate liver function reserve for hepatectomy, and/or comorbidities with contraindications for general anesthesia. Patients who were not candidates for surgery or ablation therapy were potentially eligible for cTACE when the maximum tumor diameter was larger than 5 cm or if the tumor was close to major vascular or biliary structures.

Diagnosis and management

The treatment plans were discussed by the multidisciplinary panel that included hepatologists, hepatobiliary surgeons, oncologists, and interventional radiologist to propose the optimal treatment option for each individual patient. cTACE-based procedures were performed every 3 to 4 months by interventional radiologists. Serial TACE procedures were withheld when there was liver decompensation or extrahepatic spread. For patients who exhibited extrahepatic spread during serial TACE sessions, treatment options including targeted therapy, radiotherapy/chemotherapy, and the best supportive care with or without concurrent cTACE were determined again by the multidisciplinary panel. For patients who developed hepatic tumor recurrence after hepatectomy (hepatectomy and recurrence group) but were not eligible for resection or radiofrequency ablation, team discussion and serial cTACE therapy was a common strategy.

cTACE procedures

Cross-section abdominal imaging including contrast-enhanced abdominal computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with dedicated dynamic liver protocol were performed before cTACE sessions in all patients to plan the procedure. cTACE procedures were performed by dedicated interventional radiologists in accordance with the standard protocols. Pre-procedure hydration and prophylactic antibiotics were administered. Post-cTACE, all patients were admitted for in-hospital monitoring for at least 24 hours.

Vascular access was established via a common femoral artery puncture using the Seldinger method. A 4-French catheter (Radifocus Optitorque, Terumo Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) was used to cannulate the visceral arteries (celiac trunk, common hepatic artery and its branches, and superior mesenteric artery). Digital subtraction angiography was performed to evaluate the arterial vasculature and the tumor vessels, as well as the portal vein patency. Superselective cannulation with the tip of the catheter further advancing into the branches of the right or left hepatic artery was performed with a 2.7-French coaxial microcatheter system (Progreat microcatheter, Terumo Corporation). Chemoembolization was performed with a mixture of doxorubicin hydrochloride (75 mg/m² body surface area) with 10 mL of lipiodol (Lipiodol Ultra-fluide, Guerbet, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France). Gelatin sponge pledges were then injected to ensure stagnation of the blood flow in the embolized vessel. A total of 2205 cTACE sessions (mean, 3.5 sessions per patient; maximum, 27 sessions) were performed; 16 (3.6%) and 271 (71.0%) of patients underwent hepatectomies and ablation therapy in the subsequent treatment sessions.

Follow-up and surveillance for HCC

The follow-up protocol included outpatient visits and monitoring of serum liver biochemistry with imaging examinations (abdominal ultrasonography, contrast-enhanced CT, or MRI) every 3 months. Tumor progression, remission, or recurrence was determined and recorded.

Statistical analysis

Descriptive data including the mean, standard deviation, median, interquartile range (IQR), frequencies, and percentages were used to characterize the patients. Each patient’s last visit or death was recorded for the survival analysis. Categorical data were analyzed using the chi-squared test or Fisher’s exact test, while continuous variables were analyzed using the Student’s t-test. Survival rates in each group were determined by the log-rank test and Kaplan–Meier survival curves. Cox regression analysis was used to identify the prognostic factors that were associated with overall survival. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 19 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). P-values less than 0.05 were considered to be statistically significant.

Results

Patient demographics

The mean age was 62.1 ± 12.5 years. There were 330 (74.3%) males and 114 (25.7%) females. Overall, 240 (54.1%) patients had hepatitis B and 188 (42.3%) had hepatitis C. The Child–Pugh classification indicated that 384 (86.5%) patients were in class A, while the remaining 60 (13.5%) were in class B or C. Based on the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) TNM staging, 7th edition,¹⁸ at the time of diagnosis or recurrence, 322 patients were in stage I/II and 122 were in stage III (Table 2). Among the patients, 355 (80.0%) underwent serial cTACE as the primary treatment while 89 (20.0%) belonged to the hepatectomy and recurrence group. The mean follow-up time was 31.8 months (IQR, 13.5–49.2 months). The clinical and demographic data are summarized in Table 1.

Table 1.

cTACE cohort demographic data.

Age (years)	62.1 ± 12.5 (53–72)
Sex (Male/Female), n (%)	330 (74.3%)/114 (25.7%)
BMI (kg/m²)	25.1 ± 4.3 (22.6–27.1)
Comorbidity	225 (50.7%)
Diabetes	117 (26.4%)
ESRD	15 (3.4%)
Hb (g/dL)	12.5 ± 2.1 (11.0–13.9)
Platelet (×1000/µL)	145.7 ± 89.4 (81.0–188.7)
Total Bilirubin (mg/dL)	0.9 ± 0.6 (0.5–1.1)
AST (U/L)	65.0 ± 51.3 (36.0–83.0)
ALT (U/L)	53.1 ± 44.9 (26.0–63.0)
Alk-p (U/L)	114.7 ± 64.1 (74.0–137.0)
Albumin (g/dL)	3.7 ± 0.6 (3.4–4.1)
Creatinine (mg/dL)	1.0 ± 1.2 (0.6–1.0)
AFP (ng/mL)	10734.1 ± 67855.4 (8.6–568.1)
Cirrhosis	284 (64.0)
HBV	240 (54.1)
HCV	188 (42.3)
Child A	384 (86.5)
Child B/C	60 (13.5)
Follow-up (months)	31.8 ± 20.8 (13.5–49.2)

Values in parentheses: percentage or 25–75 percentile.

cTACE, conventional transarterial chemoembolization; BMI, body mass index; ESRD, end stage renal disease; Hb, hemoglobin; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase (ALT); Alk-p, alkaline phosphatase; AFP, α-fetoprotein; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCV, hepatitis C virus; cTACE, conventional transarterial chemoembolization.

Table 2.

Tumor characteristics in the cTACE cohort.

Tumor
Single	134 (30.2)
Multiple	310 (69.8)
Lobe
Right	141 (31.8)
Left	44 (9.9)
Bilobar	152 (34.2)
Central	107 (24.1)
Venous thrombus
Yes	58 (13.1)
AJCC 7th Stage
I/II	322 (72.5)
III	122 (27.5)
TACE approach
Superselective	356 (80.2)
Lobar	88 (19.8)
Treatment
Primary	355 (80.0)
Recurrence	89 (20.0)

Values indicate numbers (percentages) of patients with each characteristic.

cTACE, conventional transarterial chemoembolization; TACE, transarterial chemoembolization; AJCC, American Joint Committee on Cancer.

Tumor parameters and response

The detailed characteristics of the tumors are shown in Table 2. Multifocal tumors were observed in most patients, and most patients exhibited TNM stage I/II tumors. Most patients underwent serial cTACE as the primary treatment.

Survival outcome

During the follow-up period, 286 (64.4%) patients died; the cause of death was HCC and liver decompensation in 281 (98.2%). The overall 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates were 78.7%, 45.3%, and 33.8%, respectively. To analyze the significant prognostic factors, log-rank tests were used to identify risk factors for overall survival; these are summarized in Table 3. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis showed significant and marginally significant differences in the selected factors in 444 HCC patients: venous thrombus (p<0.001), AJCC 7th stage III (p<0.001), AFP >200 ng/mL (p<0.001), bilobar lesions (p<0.048), multiple lesions (p<0.01), selective approach (p<0.005), albumin ≤3.0 g/dL (p<0.001), AST over twice the normal limit (>68 U/L), diabetes, hemoglobin (<8.0 g/dL; p<0.019), and recurrence after hepatectomy (p<0.032). Figure 1 showed the representative variables. A multivariate Cox regression analysis (Table 3) indicated that the presence of portal venous thrombosis (hazard ratio [HR]: 2.692 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.771–4.091] p<0.001), AFP >200 ng/mL (HR: 1.726 [1.341–2.221], p<0.001), AJCC 7th stage III (HR: 1.435 [1.023–2.012], p = 0.036), diabetes (HR: 1.371 [1.053–1.784], p = 0.019), albumin <3 g/dL (HR: 1.726 [1.216–2.451], p = 0.002), and hemoglobin (<8.0 g/dL, HR: 2.258 [1.123–4.538], p = 0.022), were significantly and independently associated with poorer long-term outcomes.

Table 3.

Overall survival in the HCC cTACE cohort.

	Univariate analysis			Multivariate analysis
Factors	HR	95% CI	P value	HR	95% CI	P value
Age (years)
>70 vs. ≤70	0.947	0.732–1.227	0.681
Sex
Female vs. Male	0.864	0.661–1.130	0.285
Comorbidity
Yes vs. No	0.931	0.739–1.174	0.547
Diabetes
Yes vs. No	1.279	0.991–1.651	0.058	1.371	1.053–1.784	0.019
Hepatectomy and recurrence
Yes vs. No	0.711	0.520–0.972	0.032	0.899	0.650–1.242	0.518
Cirrhosis
Yes vs. No	1.093	0.856–1.396	0.476
Multiple
Yes vs. No	1.411	10.85–1.836	0.010	1.319	0.968–1.798	0.080
Venous thrombus
Yes vs. No	3.919	2.893–5.310	<0.001	2.692	1.771–4.091	<0.001
Bilobar
Yes vs. No	1.274	1.002–1.620	0.048	1.136	0.857–1.505	0.376
AJCC 7th Stage
≥3 vs. 1,2	2.559	2.002–3.271	<0.001	1.435	1.023–2.012	0.036
Selective approach
No vs. Yes	1.485	1.126–1.959	0.005	1.154	0.859–1.551	0.342
AFP 200 ng/mL
Higher vs. Lower	2.105	1.655–2.678	<0.001	1.726	1.341–2.221	<0.001
Bilirubin 1.3 mg/dL
Higher vs. Lower	1.213	0.876–1.678	0.243
AST 68 U/L
Higher vs. Lower	1.257	0.988–1.601	0.062	1.257	0.978–1.616	0.074
ALT 72 U/L
Higher vs. Lower	0.918	0.688–1.225	0.562
Albumin 3.0 g/dL
Lower vs. Higher	1.731	1.238–2.420	0.001	1.726	1.216–2.451	0.002
Hemoglobin 8.0 g/dL
Lower vs. Higher	2.169	1.115–4.221	0.019	2.258	1.123–4.538	0.022

Figure 1.

Kaplan–Meier survival analysis for HCC patients with cTACE based treatment.

Discussion

Currently, cTACE is the treatment of choice for intermediate-stage and advanced BCLC-stage HCC; contraindications included extrahepatic spreading and liver decompensation. In this study, patients with portal vein thrombus, AJCC 7th stage III HCC and high AFP levels exhibited poor outcomes. Moreover, we found that elevated transaminase level, poor nutrition status (specifically in terms of albumin), and the presence of diabetes were independent significant prognostic factors. Llovet et al. reported that the 1- and 2-year survival rates of HCC patients were 82% and 63%, respectively.¹⁹ Since 2000, lipiodol-based anticancer drug delivery and a superselective approach have been extensively developed, with significant improvements in treatment efficacy. Takayasu et al. reported 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates of 82%, 47%, and 26%, respectively;¹⁵ in the current study, these rates were 78.7%, 45.3%, and 33.8%, respectively. Additionally, biochemical data, information regarding diabetes and other comorbidities, and nutritional statuses were collected to assess host conditions. The results showed that careful patient selection and improved patient care quality are necessary in the future.

Patients with TNM stage III HCC had poorer outcomes than patients with stage I or II; this observation was in accordance with that of a previous study group.¹⁵ Tumor size measurements were inconsistent in our study because some tumors exhibited an infiltrative phenotype, and there may have been bias among the estimations by different radiologists; thus, these data were not analyzed in our study. Multiple and bilobar lesions are common indications for cTACE; however, they were not independent factors in Cox regression analysis, thus indicating that cTACE provided acceptable treatment efficacy. However, portal venous thrombosis was associated with very poor outcomes; therefore, treatment with cTACE should be cautiously considered for such patients. The meta-analysis showed that median survival (95% CI) time was 8 (range, 5–15) months and 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates were 29%, 4%, and 1%, respectively.²⁰

Liver parenchyma damage is an independent factor for HCC after partial hepatectomy for HCC and antiviral treatment is an effective treatment strategy for better outcomes.^21,22 Liver damage was reported as an independent factor in the cTACE cohort analyzed by Takayasu et al.; cirrhosis and Child–Pugh status represent the liver functional reserve and could be associated with liver damage after cTACE.^15,23 Higher AFP and AST levels may be responsible for the poor outcomes in this study: higher AFP levels suggest micro-metastases, which were not detected, whereas higher AST levels may be related to chronic viral infection and liver damage. The alkaline phosphatase level was a prognostic factor in univariate analysis, but the increase in AST showed a stronger association. Both were predictors of liver functional test results in HCC outcomes.²¹ Additionally, antiviral therapy could be an effective adjuvant combined therapy for TACE both in hepatitis B or C-infected patients and those who undergo surgery or ablation therapy.^24,25

Post-hepatectomy HCC recurrence is also a common indication for cTACE because of multiple lesions and the risk of declining liver function.²⁶ Patients typically attended regular follow-up and were treated immediately when recurrence was observed. Additionally, postoperative recurrence often showed a less invasive tumor pattern, more multiple lesions, and reduced incidence of venous thrombus. Regular surveillance with serum tests, sonography, and dynamic studies may assist in accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment planning.

Many studies have reported diabetes as a factor that is associated with hepatocarcinogenesis and recurrence. A large meta-analysis involving approximately 3 million people from 13 case-control studies determined that diabetes was associated with the risk of incident HCC;²⁷ another meta-analysis of 17 case-control studies and 32 cohort studies concluded that type 2 diabetes increased HCC prevalence and mortality.²⁸ Similarly, Dyal et al. reported that diabetes was associated with an increased risk of HCC.²⁹ Notably, diabetes was reported to be associated with hepatocarcinogenesis, and metformin was reported to decrease the risk.^30–33 Diabetes and low albumin levels were reported to be independent predictors of postoperative mortality and early recurrence after partial hepatectomy.¹⁷ Metabolomic studies have reported that derangements of metabolism in HCC patients resulted in higher glucose, propylene glycol, and ethanol levels, compared with the control cohort.³⁴ Diabetes and nutrition are both host metabolic factors that are associated with poor prognoses in HCC patients. However, we did not closely analyze metformin in this study because of our small cohort size, as well as unclear drug dosage and maintenance intervals.

Conclusions

This study showed that advanced AJCC stage, venous thrombus, and AFP levels were the most significant prognostic factors in cTACE treatment; however, this study identified that biochemical factors and diabetes were important in HCC patient outcomes with cTACE treatment. Further work focused on the association between diabetes, biochemical factors, and clinical outcome could help to identify the influence of host factors.

List of abbreviations

HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; cTACE, conventional transarterial chemoembolization; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AFP, α-fetoprotein; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; BCLC, Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer; TACE, transarterial chemoembolization; IKLS, International Kyoto Liver Cancer Symposium; CT, computed tomography; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; IQR, interquartile range; AJCC, American Joint Committee on Cancer

Footnotes

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Ms. Yi-Ping Liu for the data collection and the technological support of the Department of Cancer Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou branch. The statistics study was supported by Prof. Yun-Shien Lee, Department of Biotechnology, Ming-Chuan University, Taoyuan 33348, Taiwan.

Declaration of conflicting interest

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

Funding

The study was supported by Chang Gung Medical Foundation CORPG 1G00071 (CORPG3G0681) and CMRPG 3D0511-3. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

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Incorporation of biochemical factors for survival analysis of transarterial chemoembolization in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: A retrospective cohort study

Abstract

Introduction

Methods

Results

Discussion

Keywords

Introduction

Materials and methods

Patients and study design

Diagnosis and management

cTACE procedures

Follow-up and surveillance for HCC

Statistical analysis

Results

Patient demographics

Tumor parameters and response

Survival outcome

Discussion

Conclusions

List of abbreviations

Footnotes

Acknowledgements

Declaration of conflicting interest

Funding

References