Sage Journals: Discover world-class research

Abstract

Objective

Helicobacter pylori commonly occurs in the stomach, but localizations outside the stomach and related diseases have also been investigated. However, the relationship between H. pylori and gallstones remains controversial. We aimed to investigate the relationships between H. pylori in the stomach and the gallbladder and gallstones.

Methods

This prospective case-control study included patients who underwent cholecystectomy because of gallstones, pancreatic head cancer, or hepatic resection. The patients were separated into two groups according to the detection of H. pylori in gallbladder samples using Giemsa staining. Stomach H. pylori status was based on previous gastroscopy.

Results

The study enrolled 60 patients, comprising 27 patients with gallstones and 33 without. There was no significant difference in the incidence of gallstones between patients with or without H. pylori in the stomach or gallbladder. Furthermore, the presence of H. pylori in the stomach was measured in 14 patients and was significantly correlated with H. pylori in the gallbladder.

Conclusion

The current study showed no relationship between the occurrence of gallstones and the presence of H. pylori in either the gallbladder or the stomach. In contrast to previous reports, this suggests that H. pylori does not play a role in the development of gallstones.

Keywords

Biliary stone gallstone gastritis general surgery hepato-pancreatic biliary surgery

Introduction

Gallstones occur in patients worldwide, but are especially common in western countries.¹ Several factors have been reported to play roles in the formation of gallstones, including bacterial infections in the gallbladder and bile ducts.² Gallstones also cause various clinical conditions, such as acute cholecystitis, chronic cholecystitis, jaundice related to bile duct obstruction, and acute pancreatitis.³

Helicobacter pylori is a Gram-negative bacillus thought to infect more than half the global population. H. pylori has primarily been identified in the stomach and has been related to several diseases, including duodenal ulcer, chronic gastritis, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma of the stomach, and gastric adenocarcinoma.^4–8 However, increasing numbers of studies have investigated localizations of H. pylori outside the stomach and diseases potentially related to such infections.⁹ H. pylori was first described in the gallbladder mucosa in patients with gallstones 1996, and a relationship between H. pylori and gallstone formation was reported, as in the stomach.¹⁰ However, despite subsequent reports of a relationship between H. pylori and chronic cholecystitis, no mechanism has yet been identified.^11,12 Importantly in this regard, it remains unclear if H. pylori reaches the gallbladder and biliary tree via an ascending route from the duodenum, or via the portal venous system.^13,14

Given the conflicting reports regarding the relationship between H. pylori infections and gallstone formation, this study aimed to investigate the relationships between H. pylori in the stomach and gallbladder and the occurrence of gallstones.

Methods

Patients

This prospective, case-control study reviewed a total of 732 patients who underwent cholecystectomy for any reason at Istanbul Training and Research Hospital between September 2015 and May 2018. Exclusion criteria were cholecystectomy performed because of acute cholecystitis, pregnancy, and patients who did not wish to participate in the study. Indications for cholecystectomy in the included patients were gallstones, pancreatic head cancer, or hepatic resection. Patients were ordered according to the date of cholecystectomy and 60 patients were chosen at random using the www.random.org website. Written informed consent was obtained from each patient and the study protocol was approved by the local Ethics Committee.

Gallbladders excised during cholecystectomy were placed in 10% buffered formaldehyde solution and sent to the pathology laboratory for routine pathology examination and investigation of H. pylori using Giemsa staining (Figure 1). The patients were then separated into two groups according to the presence or absence of H. pylori in the gallbladder. Patient records included information on age, sex, pathology report and H. pylori status in the stomach if gastroscopy had been applied preoperatively, gallbladder wall thickness, cholesterolosis, intestinal metaplasia, activation, and pyloric metaplasia.

Figure 1.

Gallbladder biopsy stained for H. pylori using Giemsa staining (magnification ×100). Box shows representative H. pylori staining (magnification ×400).

Statistical analysis

Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 22.0 software (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Descriptive statistics were given as mean ± standard deviation (SD), median (maximum, minimum), number (n), and percentage (%). Conformity of the data to a normal distribution was assessed using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. Quantitative independent data were analyzed using the Mann–Whitney U-test. Qualitative independent data were analyzed by the χ² test, or by Fisher’s test if the χ² test conditions were not met. A value of P < 0.05 was accepted as statistically significant.

Results

A total of 60 patients were included in the final evaluation (34 women, 26 men, mean age 56.0 ± 11.7 years). The study was limited to 60 patients because of financial restrictions. Twenty-seven patients had gallstones and 33 did not. Group 1 comprised 52 patients without H. pylori in the gallbladder and Group 2 comprised eight patients with H. pylori in the gallbladder. There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of age, sex, wall thickness, presence of gallstones, rate of intestinal metaplasia, rate of activation, rate of previous stomach biopsy, or rate of gastritis in previous stomach biopsy (Table 1).

Table 1.

Characteristics of patients according to gallbladder H. pylori status.

	Gallbladder H. pylori (−)			Gallbladder H. pylori (+)			P value
	Mean ± SD or n	Percentage (%)	Median	Mean ± SD or n	Percentage (%)	Median	P value
Age	55.8±12.1		58	57.4±9.6		60	0.524
Sex
Female	29	55.8%		5	62.5%		0.721
Male	23	44.2%		3	37.5%		0.721
Wall thickness (mm)	3.8±3.3		3	3.1±1.1		3	0.508
Gallstones
Absent	28	53.8%		5	62.5%		0.647
Present	24	46.2%		3	37.5%		0.647
Cholesterolosis
Absent	44	84.6%		8	100.0%		0.582
Present	8	15.4%		0	0.0%		0.582
Intestinal metaplasia
Absent	47	90.4%		7	87.5%		>0.95
Present	5	9.6%		1	12.5%		>0.95
Activation
Absent	38	73.1%		6	75.0%		0.909
Present	14	26.9%		2	25.0%		0.909
Pyloric metaplasia
Absent	39	75.0%		8	100.0%		0.182
Present	13	25.0%		0	0.0%		0.182
Previous stomach biopsy
Absent	40	76.9%		6	75.0%		0.222
Present	10	23.1%		4	25.0%		0.222
Gastritis
Absent	1	8.3%		0	0.0%		>0.95
Present	9	91.7%		4	100.0%		>0.95

Fourteen patients underwent preoperative gastroscopy and biopsy for H. pylori detection. There was no significant difference between patients with and without H. pylori in the stomach in relation to the detection of gallstones.

Out of five patients with H. pylori-positive gastritis (confirmed by biopsy), four were also positive for H. pylori on gallbladder biopsy, while all nine patients negative for H. pylori gastritis were also negative for gallbladder H. pylori, suggesting a significant correlation between stomach and gallbladder H. pylori status (P = 0.005) (Table 2)

Table 2.

Gallstones and H. pylori status according to presence of H. pylori in stomach biopsy

		Stomach H. pylori (−)		Stomach H. pylori (+)		P value
		n	Percentage (%)	n	Percentage (%)	P value
Gallstones	Absent	4	44.4%	3	60.0%	<0.95
Gallstones	Present	5	55.6%	2	40.0%	<0.95
Gallbladder H. pylori status	Absent	9	100.0%	1	20.0%	0.005
Gallbladder H. pylori status	Present	0	0.0%	4	80.0%	0.005

In relation to the possible route of spread, 24 of the 33 patients without gallstones, including four of the five patients with H. pylori in the gallbladder, had a history of preoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERCP), compared with only 2 of the 27 patients who underwent cholecystectomy because of gallbladder stones.

Discussion

Many recent studies have investigated the occurrence of H. pylori outside the stomach, e.g., in the skin, nose, and gallbladder,^9,15 while other studies have evaluated the statuses of other Helicobacter strains within the gallbladder.^10,11

Fatemi et al. compared Helicobacter strains between patients without gallstones and those with acute cholecystitis and chronic cholecystitis associated with gallstones. H. pylori was observed at a significantly higher rate in cases with acute cholecystitis associated with gallstones compared with the other cases, and there was no relationship with other Helicobacter strains.¹⁶ A meta-analysis that reviewed studies of the relationship between H. pylori and gallstones and cholecystectomy reported that H. pylori was more common in patients with chronic cholecystitis and gallstones compared with the control group (24.98% vs. 8.28%, P<0.05).¹⁷ Another meta-analysis also demonstrated a relationship between H. pylori in the gallbladder and cholelithiasis.¹⁸ Zhou et al.¹⁴ found H. pylori in 20% of chronic cholecystitis cases, and also emphasized that gallbladder metaplasia and pre-malignant lesions such as adenomyomatosis were more frequent in patients positive for gallbladder H. pylori. In another study, Hassan et al.¹⁹ reported that H. pylori infection aggravated potentially precancerous mucosal lesions.

In contrast to many studies, a retrospective study¹⁵ of 45 cases including cholecystectomy samples detected H. pylori-positivity in the gallbladder in 40% of patients without gallstones and 20% of those with gallstones. However, this difference was not significant and no relationship could be established between H. pylori-positivity and the occurrence of gallstones. Moreover, no H. pylori gallbladder infection was noted in 10 patients with ulceration of the gallbladder.¹⁵ Similarly, the current study found no relationship between H. pylori-positivity in the gallbladder and gallstones, or the development of cholesterolosis, intestinal metaplasia, pyloric metaplasia, and activation.

Previous studies reported that H. pylori was more prevalent in eastern countries and showed no sex difference, but was related to age, with a particular increase in colonization rates above the age of 70 years.^20–22 The mean age of the patients with gallbladder H. pylori-positivity in the current study was 57.4 years, which was not significantly different from that of the patients who were H. pylori-negative in the gallbladder.

There is currently insufficient evidence regarding the route whereby H. pylori settles in the gallbladder. It may reach the gallbladder via an ascending route from the duodenum or via the portal circulation system.^23,24 A meta-analysis of patients undergoing ERCP reported that the procedure could result in contamination of the gallbladder with Helicobacter strains via the ascending pathway from the duodenum, leading to false-positive results.¹⁷ In the current study, although four out of the five patients with H. pylori in the gallbladder without gallstones underwent preoperative ERCP, thus supporting its possible spread via the ascending pathway, no conclusions can be drawn about the route of spread in patients with gallstones who did not undergo ERCP.

An extensive retrospective study²⁵ that evaluated the relationship between the presence of H. pylori antibodies in the blood and gallstones found no relationship between the rates of gallstones in H. pylori-positive patients overall, but a significant negative correlation was observed in individuals aged <45 years. The same study identified a significant relationship between gallbladder polyps and H. pylori-positivity.²⁵ Helaly et al.²⁶ reported a significant relationship between H. pylori-positivity in the stomach and the gallbladder, while another study also found a strong association between gallbladder and stomach H. pylori-positivity.¹⁴ The current study found no significant relationship between the occurrence of gallstones and stomach H. pylori-positivity in patients with stomach biopsy results, but did confirm a significant relationship between stomach and gallbladder H. pylori-positivity.

This study had some limitations owing to its small size and limited variation, which meant that it was not possible to examine subgroups of patients with cancers of the hepatobiliary system and pre-malignant lesions because of the low patient numbers. In addition, H. pylori status was not measured in the bile ducts, thus limiting the information available in relation to the route of H. pylori spreading.

In contrast to several previous studies, the current results suggested that the rates of gallbladder H. pylori-positivity, as well as stomach H. pylori-positivity, were similar in patients with and without gallstones. However, there was a significant relationship between stomach and gallbladder H. pylori statuses. Although further studies with larger series are required, the present results indicate that H. pylori infection does not contribute to the development of gallstones.

Footnotes

Declaration of conflicting interest

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

Funding

This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

References

Stinton

Shaffer

EA.

Epidemiology of gallbladder disease: cholelithiasis and cancer.

Gut Liv 2012; 6: 172–187.

Maurer

Carey

Fox

JG.

Roles of infection, inflammation, and the immune system in cholesterol gallstone formation.

Gastroenterol 2009; 136: 425–440.

Leong

Sung

JJ.

Helicobacter species and hepatobiliary diseases.

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2002; 16: 1037–1045.

Parsonnet

Friedman

Vandersteen

DP.

Helicobacter pylori infection and the risk of gastric carcinoma.

N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 1127–1131.

Correa

Houghton

Carcinogenesis of Helicobacter pylori.

Gastroenterol 2007; 133: 659–672.

Marshall

Warren

JR.

Unidentified curved bacilli in the stomach of patients with gastritis and peptic ulceration.

Lancet 1984; 1: 1311–1315.

Veldhuyzen van Zanten

Sherman

PM.

Helicobacter pylori infection as a cause of gastritis, duodenal ulcer, gastric cancer and nonulcer dyspepsia: a systematic over-view. Can Med Assoc J 1994; 150: 177–185.

Parsonnet

Hansen

Rodriguez

, et al. Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric lymphoma. N Engl J Med 1994; 330: 1267–1271.

Testerman

Morris

Beyond the stomach: an updated view of Helicobacter pylori pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20: 12781–12808.

10.

Kawaguchi

Saito

Ohno

, et al. Bacteria closely resembling Helicobacter pylori detected immunohistologically and genetically in resected gallbladder mucosa. J Gastroenterol 1996; 31: 294–298.

11.

Moricz

Melo

Castro

, et al. Prevalence of Helicobacter spp in chronic cholecystitis and correlation with changes on the histological pattern of the gallbladder. Acta Cir Bras 2010; 25: 218–224.

12.

Apostolov

Al-Soud

Nilsson

, et al. Helicobacter pylori and other Helicobacter species in gallbladder and liver of patients with chronic cholecystitis detected by immunological and molecular methods. Scand J Gastroenterol 2005; 40: 96–102.

13.

Mishra

Tewari

Shukla

HS.

Association of Helicobacter pylori infection with inflammatory cytokine expression in patients with gallbladder cancer.

Indian J Gastroenterol 2013; 32: 232–235.

14.

Zhou

Guan

Wang

, et al. A comparative study of clinicopathological features between chronic cholecystitis patients with and without Helicobacter pylori infection in gallbladder mucosa. PLoS One 2013; 8: e70265.

15.

Patnayak

Reddy

Jena

, et al. Helicobacter pylori in cholecystectomy specimens-morphological and immunohistochemical assessment. Clin Diagn Res 2016; 10: EC01-3. doi: 10.7860/JCDR/2016/14802.7716.

16.

Fatemi

Doosti

Shokri

, et al. Is there a correlation between Helicobacter pylori and enterohepatic Helicobacter species and gallstone cholecystitis? Middle East J Dig Dis 2018; 10: 24–30.

17.

Cen

Pan

Zhou

, et al. Helicobacter Pylori infection of the gallbladder and the risk of chronic cholecystitis and cholelithiasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Helicobacter 2018; 23. doi: 10.1111/hel.12457.

18.

Zhou

Zhang

Gong

, et al. Are Helicobacter pylori and other Helicobacter species infection associated with human biliary lithiasis? A meta-analysis PLoS ONE 2011; 6: e27390.

19.

Hassan

Gerges

El-Atrebi

, et al. The role of H. pylori infection in gall bladder cancer: clinicopathological study. Tumour Biol 2015; 36: 7093–7098.

20.

Bulajic

Maisonneuve

Schneider-Brachert

, et al. Helicobacter pylori and the risk of benign and malignant biliary tract disease. Cancer 2002; 95: 1946–1953.

21.

Leja

Axon

Brenner

Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection.

Helicobacter 2016; 21: 3–7.

22.

Apostolopoulos

Vafiadis-Zouboulis

Tzivras

, et al. Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) infection in Greece: the changing prevalence during a ten-year period and its antigenic profile. BMC Gastroenterol 2002; 2: 11.

23.

Pellicano

Ménard

Rizzetto

, et al. Helicobacter species and liver diseases: association or causation? Lancet Infect Dis 2008; 8: 254–260.

24.

Tiwari

Khan

Ibrahim

, et al. Helicobacter pylori and other Helicobacter species DNA in human bile samples from patients with various hepato-biliary diseases. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12: 2181–216.

25.

Yuan

, et al. Association between Helicobacter pylori infection and gallbladder diseases: a retrospective study. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 27: 1207–1212.

26.

Helaly

El-Ghazzawi

Kazem

, et al. Detection of Helicobacter pylori infection in Egyptian patients with chronic calcular cholecystitis. Br J Biomed Sci 2014; 71: 13–18.

Relationship between Helicobacter pylori -positivity in the gallbladder and stomach and effect on gallbladder pathologies

Abstract

Objective

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Keywords

Introduction

Methods

Patients

Statistical analysis

Results

Discussion

Footnotes

Declaration of conflicting interest

Funding

References