Sage Journals: Discover world-class research

Abstract

Objective

To evaluate serum micro RNA-143 (miR-143) levels in patients with sepsis or non-infectious systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), and investigate its possible diagnostic or prognostic value.

Methods

Serum was obtained from patients with sepsis or SIRS and healthy control subjects. Relative miR-143 expression was determined using quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction. The diagnostic and prognostic value of serum miR-143 was evaluated.

Results

Serum miR-143 levels were significantly higher in patients with sepsis (n = 103) than patients with SIRS (n = 95) and healthy controls (n = 40). There were significant positive correlations between serum miR-143 level and SOFA and APACHE II scores in patients with sepsis (r = 0.794 and r = 0.825, respectively). Serum miR-143 had a sensitivity of 78.6% and specificity of 91.6% for distinguishing between sepsis and SIRS. There was no association between serum miR-143 and 28-day survival in patients with sepsis.

Conclusion

Serum miR-143 is elevated in patients with sepsis, and may be a useful biomarker for distinguishing between sepsis and SIRS.

Keywords

MicroRNA-143 sepsis diagnosis

Introduction

Sepsis is a serious medical condition characterized by the simultaneous presence of infection and systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS).¹ Despite progress in diagnostic and therapeutic techniques, sepsis remains the main cause of death for patients in intensive care units (ICUs), with a 30-day mortality rate of 47%.² Blood microbiological culture analysis is the gold standard to distinguish sepsis from SIRS without infection, but this technique is time-consuming and has a low early positive rate (14.9 % during days 1–5 after sepsis diagnosis).³ Thus, biomarkers for the early diagnosis and accurate assessment of patients with sepsis are urgently required.

MicroRNAs (miRs) are a class of endogenous, noncoding, single stranded, small, regulatory RNA molecules of approximately 22 nucleotides in length⁴ that regulate gene expression at the posttranscriptional level by inducing mRNA degradation or translational repression.⁵ MiRs contribute to most basic biological processes, and aberrant miR expression has been observed in many human disease states including sepsis.^6,7 More importantly, miRs are stably expressed in human serum or plasma.⁸ Circulating miRs have been used as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in many diseases.^9,10 Plasma levels of miR-150,¹¹ miR-146a,¹² miR-574-5p,¹³ miR-15a¹⁴ and miR-16¹⁴ have been found to have prognostic or diagnostic value in sepsis.

MiR-143 is associated with sepsis in mouse lung,¹⁵ as well as in human leukocytes after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) infusion.¹⁶ Sepsis is a complex disease involving multiple organs and tissues, and changes in leukocyte miR expression may not be reflected in circulating miR levels.^17,18 To our knowledge, the clinical significance of serum miR-143 levels in patients with sepsis has not been studied. The aim of the present study, therefore, was to evaluate serum miR-143 levels in patients with sepsis or non-infectious SIRS, and investigate its possible diagnostic or prognostic value.

Patients and methods

Study population

The study recruited patients with sepsis or SIRS undergoing treatment at the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei Province, China, between January 2011 and May 2014. Patients were diagnosed on the basis of blood microbiological culture results, according to the definitions of the American College of Chest Physicians/Society of Critical Care Medicine.¹⁹ Inclusion criteria were: two or more of (i) temperature > 38℃ or < 36℃; (ii) heart rate > 90/min; (iii) respiratory rate > 20/min or Pa_CO2 < 32 mmHg; (iv) white blood cell count > 12000/mm³, < 4000/mm³, or > 10 % immature (band) forms. Patients aged younger than 18 years or who could not receive adequate treatment due to economic hardship were excluded. In patients with sepsis, disease severity was assessed via SOFA (sepsis-related organ failure assessment) score²⁰ and APACHE II score²¹ on day 1 after ICU admission, and all patients were followed-up for 28 days A control group of healthy volunteer subjects with no known medical condition or infection at the time of the study were recruited from the Health Screening Centre, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei Province, China.

The study was approved by the research ethics committee of Cangzhou Central Hospital, and all subjects provided written informed consent.

RT–PCR

Blood samples (5 ml) were obtained at the time of initial blood microbiological culture in patients, and at the time of health screening in the control subjects. Blood was centrifuged at 3500 × g for 10 min at room temperature immediately after collection to completely remove cell debris, then transferred to RNase/DNase-free tubes and stored at −80℃ until further processing.

Serum total RNA was extracted using TRIzol solution (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) according to manufacturer’s instructions, and cDNA was synthesized using a One Step Prime-Script miRNA cDNA Synthesis Kit (Takara Bio Inc., Shiga, Japan). Real-time quantitative PCR (RT–qPCR) was performed using a SYBR Prime-Script miRNA qPCR Kit (Takara Bio Inc., Shiga, Japan) with an ABI PRISM 7500 Sequence Detection System (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). Cycling conditions were 95℃ for 5 min, followed by 40 cycles of 95℃ for 15 s and 60℃ for 60 s. All PCR reactions were performed in triplicate, and U6 snRNA was used as an internal control. Expression levels of miR-143 were calculated relative to U6 mRNA using the equation 2^−ΔC^t, where ΔCt = (Ct^miR-143–Ct^U6).

CRP and PCT assays

Serum C-reactive protein (CRP) was quantified via scattering turbidimetry (CardioPhase hsCRP, Siemens, Munich, Germany), and procalcitonin (PCT) was quantified using an enzyme-linked fluorescence analysis kit (VIDAS B.R.A.H.M.S. PCT kit, bioMerieux SA, Marcy l’Etoile, France), according to the manufacturers’ instructions.

Statistical analyses

Sample size was calculated using the formula N = (U_α/δ)²× (1–P) × P, assuming an estimated sensitivity of 80% and specificity of 90% for the validity of serum miR-143 as a biomarker for discriminating between sepsis and SIRS. We set α = 0.05, and δ = 0.08. Accordingly, the minimum sample size was 96 for the sepsis group and 54 for the SIRS group.

Data were expressed as mean ± SD or median (range). Differences in serum miR-143 levels were analysed using unpaired Student’s t test (between two groups) or one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA; between three groups). Pearson’s correlation analysis was used to analyse the relationship between serum miR-143 levels and clinical scores. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to assess the diagnostic value of serum miR-143 levels for sepsis vs SIRS, and the area under curve (AUC) was calculated. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS® version 16.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) for Windows®, and P-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.

Results

The study included 103 patients with sepsis (71 males/32 females; mean age 58.1 ± 11.5 years; age range 22–68 years), 95 patients with SIRS (65 males/30 females; mean age 59.6 ± 10.2 years; age range 21–66 years), and 40 healthy control subjects (22 males/18 females; mean age 58.8 ± 10.7 years; age range 22–65 years). Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study groups are shown in Table 1. Patients with sepsis had significantly higher serum CRP and PCT concentrations, and spent significantly longer in the ICU than patients with SIRS (P < 0.01 for each comparison; Table 1). Serum miR-143 levels were significantly higher in patients with SIRS or sepsis than controls (P < 0.01), and in patients with sepsis than those with SIRS (P < 0.001; Table 1).

Table 1.

Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) or sepsis included in a study evaluating the value of micro RNA-143 (miR-143) in sepsis diagnosis and prognosis.

Characteristic	SIRS group n = 95	Sepsis group n = 103	Control group n = 40
Sex, male/female	65/30	71/32	22/18
Age, years	59.6 ± 10.2	58.1 ± 11.5	58.8 ± 10.7
Cause of disease
Pulmonary infection	0	17	–
Post-surgery	48	43	–
Acute pancreatitis	0	3	–
Multiple trauma	25	21	–
Other	22	19	–
SOFA score²⁰	–	6.1 ± 3.2	–
APACHE II score²¹	–	15.9 ± 6.2	–
CRP, mg/dl	4.1 (0.3–6.7)	13.9 (1.9–19.7)^a	–
PCT, ng/ml	0.71 (0.06–29.38)	3.86 (0.35–139.73)^a	–
ICU stay, days	4 (1–29)	10 (1–65)^a	–
Survival/death	81/14	65/38	–
miR-143 relative expression^d	11.5 ± 4.1^b	19.3 ± 5.6^{b c}	6.2 ± 2.0

Data presented as n, mean ± SD, or median (range).

P < 0.01 vs SIRS, ^bP < 0.01 vs control, ^cP < 0.001 vs SIRS; unpaired Student’s t-test.

Relative to U6 mRNA expression.

CRP, C-reactive protein; PCT, procalcitonin; ICU, intensive care unit.

Data regarding miR-143 expression levels in patients with sepsis are shown in Figure 1. Patients with high SOFA scores (≥7) or APACHE II scores (≥ 10) had significantly higher serum miR-143 levels than those with low SOFA (< 7) or APACHE II scores (< 10) (P = 0.008 and Figure 1(b) P = 0.004, respectively; Figure 1(a) and Figure 1(b)). There was no significant difference in serum miR-143 levels between those patients who died and those who survived (at 28 days; Figure 1(c)). There were significant positive correlations between miR-143 level and SOFA score (r = 0.794, P < 0.01), and miR-143 level and APACHE II score (r = 0.825, P < 0.01).

Figure 1.

Relative expression of micro RNA-143 in serum of patients with sepsis stratified by (a) SOFA (sepsis-related organ failure assessment) score²⁰, (b) APACHE II score²¹, and (c) 28-day survival.

The AUC of the ROC for miR-143 was 0.91 (95% CI 0.86, 0.95; Figure 2), higher than that of both PCT (AUC 0.89; 95% CI 0.84, 0.93) and CRP (AUC 0.82; 95% CI 0.74, 0.82). When using a cut-off level of 15.9 for serum miR-143, sensitivity was 78.6% (95% CI 69.5, 86.1) and specificity was 91.6% (95% CI 84.1, 96.3).

Figure 2.

Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for serum micro RNA-143 (miR-143), C-reactive protein (CRP) and procalcitonin (PCT) for diagnosis of sepsis vs systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS).

Discussion

Circulating levels of several miRs, including miR-146a and miR-15a, may assist in the differential diagnosis of sepsis and SIRS.^12,14 In addition, serum miR-574-5p and miR-133a are prognostic predictors in sepsis,^13,22 and serum miR-122 is associated with coagulation disorders in sepsis.²³ Levels of miR-25 are related to SOFA score and oxidative stress in patients with sepsis.²⁴ Serum miR-143 levels were increased in both patients with sepsis and those with SIRS compared with normal controls in the present study. More importantly, miR-143 levels could distinguish between sepsis and SIRS. High levels of miR-143 were positively correlated with SOFA and APACHE II scores. To our knowledge, this is the first study to analyse serum miR-143 levels and their diagnostic value in sepsis.

There is a known association between miR-143 and the human immune response.¹⁶ In addition, miR-143 has been shown to regulate the anti-inflammatory effect of mesenchymal stem cells and may therefore be a potential therapeutic target.²⁵ Functional studies of miR-143 have largely focused on its role in carcinogenesis and cancer progression, and little is known about its effect on the immune response. It is therefore important to identify more miR-143 target genes in order to clarify its role in immunoregulation.

The present study has several limitations, including the retrospective design and relatively small sample size. In addition, we did not evaluate the source or mechanism(s) of action of miR-143 during sepsis, nor whether a combination of miR-143 and other biomarkers might be more practical in the differential diagnosis of sepsis and SIRS.

In conclusion, serum miR-143 is elevated in patients with sepsis, and may be a useful biomarker for distinguishing between sepsis and SIRS. Large-scale prospective studies are required to confirm our findings.

Footnotes

Declaration of conflicting interest

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

Funding

This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

References

Bone

Balk

Cerra

. Definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis. The ACCP/SCCM consensus conference committee. American college of chest physicians/society of critical care medicine. 1992. Chest 2009; 136(5 Suppl): e28–e28.

Padkin

Goldfrad

Brady

. Epidemiology of severe sepsis occurring in the first 24 hrs in intensive care units in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland. Crit Care Med 2003; 31: 2332–2338.

Otto

Sossdorf

Claus

. The late phase of sepsis is characterized by an increased microbiological burden and death rate. Crit Care 2011; 15: R183–R183.

Osman

. MicroRNAs in health and disease–basic science and clinical applications. Clin Lab 2012; 58: 393–402.

Mendell

Olson

. MicroRNAs in stress signaling and human disease. Cell 2012; 148: 1172–1187.

Wang

Qin

. Exosomal miR-223 contributes to mesenchymal stem cell-elicited cardioprotection in polymicrobial sepsis. Sci Rep 2015; 5: 13721–13721.

Wang

Liu

. miR-15a/16 are upreuglated in the serum of neonatal sepsis patients and inhibit the LPS-induced inflammatory pathway. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8: 5683–5690.

Chen

. Characterization of microRNAs in serum: a novel class of biomarkers for diagnosis of cancer and other diseases. Cell Res 2008; 18: 997–1006.

Chiam

Wang

Watson

. Circulating serum exosomal miRNAs as potential biomarkers for esophageal adenocarcinoma. J Gastrointest Surg 2015; 19: 1208–1215.

10.

Ludwig

Nourkami-Tutdibi

Backes

. Circulating serum miRNAs as potential biomarkers for nephroblastoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015; 62: 1360–1367.

11.

Vasilescu

Rossi

Shimizu

. MicroRNA fingerprints identify miR-150 as a plasma prognostic marker in patients with sepsis. PLoS One 2009; 4: e7405–e7405.

12.

Wang

Chen

. Differential expression of plasma miR-146a in sepsis patients compared with non-sepsis-SIRS patients. Exp Ther Med 2013; 5: 1101–1104.

13.

Wang

Meng

Chen

. Serum miR-574-5p: a prognostic predictor of sepsis patients. Shock 2012; 37: 263–267.

14.

Wang

Zhang

Chen

. Evidence for serum miR-15a and miR-16 levels as biomarkers that distinguish sepsis from systemic inflammatory response syndrome in human subjects. Clin Chem Lab Med 2012; 50: 1423–1428.

15.

Wang

Ruan

Mao

. miR-27a is up regulated and promotes inflammatory response in sepsis. Cell Immunol 2014; 290: 190–195.

16.

Schmidt

Spiel

Jilma

. In vivo profile of the human leukocyte microRNA response to endotoxemia. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 380: 437–441.

17.

Ceppi

Pereira

Dunand-Sauthier

. MicroRNA-155 modulates the interleukin-1 signaling pathway in activated human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106: 2735–2740.

18.

Taganov

Boldin

Chang

. NF-kappaB-dependent induction of microRNA miR-146, an inhibitor targeted to signaling proteins of innate immune responses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103: 12481–12486.

19.

Bone

Balk

Cerra

20.

Vincent

Moreno

Takala

. The SOFA (sepsis-related organ failure assessment) score to describe organ dysfunction/failure. On behalf of the working group on sepsis-related problems of the European society of intensive care medicine. Intensive Care Med 1996; 22: 707–710.

21.

Knaus

Draper

Wagner

. APACHE II: a severity of disease classification system. Crit Care Med 1985; 13: 818–829.

22.

Tacke

Roderburg

Benz

. Levels of circulating miR-133a are elevated in sepsis and predict mortality in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 2014; 42: 1096–1104.

23.

Wang

Deng

Wang

. Serum miR-122 levels are related to coagulation disorders in sepsis patients. Clin Chem Lab Med 2014; 52: 927–933.

24.

Yao

Liu

Zhu

. Clinical evaluation of circulating microRNA-25 level change in sepsis and its potential relationship with oxidative stress. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2015; 8: 7675–7684.

25.

Zhao

Liu

Gong

. The toll-like receptor 3 ligand, poly(I:C), improves immunosuppressive function and therapeutic effect of mesenchymal stem cells on sepsis via inhibiting MiR-143. Stem cells 2014; 32: 521–533.

Diagnostic value of elevated serum miRNA-143 levels in sepsis

Abstract

Objective

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Keywords

Introduction

Patients and methods

Study population

RT–PCR

CRP and PCT assays

Statistical analyses

Results

Discussion

Footnotes

Declaration of conflicting interest

Funding

References