An experiment was conducted to study how marketing students' ethical decision making was influenced by their perceived moral intensity (PMI), corporate culture, and the reward system. The findings indicate that levels of awareness of the ethical consequences of a decision, the corporate culture, and the reward system all significantly affect ethical decision making. The results provide marketing educators with a framework for understanding the drivers of ethical decision making among marketing students. Given the results, some of the issues associated with teaching marketing ethics are highlighted.
Armstrong, Robert, and Jill Sweeney. 1994. Industry type, culture, mode of entry and perceptions of international marketing ethics: A cross-cultural comparison.Journal of Business Ethics13 (4): 775-785.
2.
Badaracco, J., and A. Webb. 1995. Business ethics: Aviewfrom the trenches.California Management Review37 (2): 8-25.
3.
Borkowski, Susan, and Yusuf Ugras. 1998. Business students and ethics: A meta analysis.Journal of Business Ethics17:1117-1127.
4.
Bowie, Norman, and Ronald Dushka. 1990. Business ethics. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
5.
Browning, J., and N. Zabriskie. 1983. How ethical are industrial buyers?Industrial Marketing Management12:219-224.
6.
Callan, V.1992. Predicting ethical values and training needs in ethics.Journal of Business Ethics11:761-769.
7.
Ohio Partners in Character Education. 2002. Ohio Partners in Character Education. http://www.charactereducationohio.org.
8.
Chonko, Lawrence. 1995. Ethical decision making in marketing. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
9.
Eyon, G., N. Hill, and K. Stevens. 1997. Factors that influence the moral reasoning abilities of accountants: Implications for universities and the profession.Journal of Business Ethics16 (2): 1297-1309.
10.
Ferrell, O. C., and Larry G. Gresham. 1985. A contingency framework for understanding ethical decision making in marketing.Journal of Marketing49 (Summer): 87-96.
11.
Ferrell, O. C., Larry G. Gresham, and John A. Fraedrich. 1989. Synthesis of ethical decision models for marketing.Journal of Macromarketing9 (Fall): 55-64.
12.
Ford, Robert, and Woodrow Richardson. 1994. Ethical decision-making: A reviewof the empirical literature.Journal of Business Ethics13:205-221.
13.
Franke, George, Deborah Crown, and Deborah Spake. 1997. Gender differences in ethical perceptions of business practices: A social role theory perspective.Journal of Applied Psychology82 (6): 920-934.
Glover, S., M. Bampus, J. Logan, and J. Ciesla. 1997. Re-examining the influence of individual values on ethical decision-making.Journal of Business Ethics16 (3): 1319-1329.
16.
Goodwin, Jenny, and David Goodwin. 1999. Ethical judgments across cultures: A comparison between business students from Malaysia and New Zealand.Journal of Business Ethics18 (3): 267-281.
17.
Harrington, S.1997. A test of a person-issue contingent model of ethical decision making in organizations.Journal of Business Ethics16 (4): 363-375.
18.
Hoffman, J.1998. Are women really more ethical than men? Maybe it depends on the situation. Journal of Managerial Issues10 (1): 60-73.
19.
Hofstede, Geert. 1980. Culture's consequences. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
20.
Hunt, Tammy, and Daniel Jennings. 1997. Ethics and performance.Journal of Business Ethics16 (2): 195-203.
21.
James, Harvey. 2000. Reinforcing ethical decision making through organizational structure.Journal of Business Ethics28 (1): 43-58.
22.
Jones, Thomas M.1991. Ethical decision making by individuals in organizations: An issue contingent model.Academy of Management Review16:366-395.
23.
Jones, Thomas M., and L. Ryan. 1998. The effect of organizational forces on individual morality: Judgment, moral approbation, and behavior.Business Ethics Quarterly8 (3): 431-445.
24.
Kant, Immanuel. [1783] 1965. Grundlegung zur metaphysik der sitten(Foundations of the metaphysics of morals). Reprint, Hamburg: Felix Meiner Verlag.
25.
Kidwell, Linda Achey. 2001. Student honor code as a tool for teaching professional ethics.Journal of Business Ethics29 (1/2): 45-49.
26.
Laczniak, Gene, and Patrick Murphy. 1993. Ethical marketing decisions: The higher road. Toronto: Allyn & Bacon.
27.
Lane, Jim. 1995. Ethics of business students: Some marketing perspectives.Journal of Business Ethics14 (7): 571-581.
28.
Lindsay, R., M. Lindsay, and B. Irvine. 1996. Instilling ethical behavior in organizations: A survey of Canadian companies.Journal of Business Ethics15 (1): 393-407.
29.
Loe, Terry, Linda Ferrell, and Phylis Mansfield. 2000. A review of empirical studies assessing ethical decision making in business.Journal of Business Ethics21 (1): 185-204.
30.
Long-Chuan, Lu, Gregory Rose, and Jeffrey Blodgett. 1999. The effects of cultural dimensions on ethical decision-making in marketing: An exploratory study.Journal of Business Ethics18 (1): 91-105.
31.
Longenecker, Justin, Joseph McKinney, and Carlos Moore. 1989. The generation gap in business ethics.Business Horizons32 (5): 9-15.
32.
Lund, Daulatram. 2000. An empirical examination of marketing professionals' ethical behavior in differing situations.Journal of Business Ethics24:331-342.
33.
Metzger, M., R. Dalton, and J. Hill. 1993. The organization of ethics of organizations: The case for expanded organizational ethics audits.Business Ethics Quarterly3 (1): 27-43.
34.
Mill, John Stuart. [1863] 1979. Utilitarianism. Reprint, Indianapolis, IN: Liberal Arts Press.
35.
Mowen, John C., and Michael S. Minor. 1998. Consumer behavior. 5th ed.Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
36.
Mundt, JoNel. 1993. Externalities: Uncalculated outcomes of exchange.Journal of Macromarketing13 (Fall): 46-53.
37.
Nash, L.1990. Good intentions aside: A manager's guide to resolving ethical problems. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
Nill, Alexander, and Clifford Shultz. 1997. Marketing ethics across cultures: Decision making guidelines and the emergence of dialogic idealism.Journal of Macromarketing17 (Fall): 4-20.
40.
Nocera, Joseph, Jeremy Kahn, David Rynecki, and Clifton Leaf. 2002. System failure. Fortune, June 24, 62-74.
41.
Nussbaum, Bruce. 2002. Can trust be rebuilt?Business Week(New York), July 8, 32-34.
42.
Paolillo, Joseph, and Scott Vitell. 2002. An empirical investigation of the influence of selected personal, organizational and mortal intensity factors on ethical decision making.Journal of Business Ethics35 (1): 65-74.
43.
Peppas, Spero, and Barry Diskin. 2000. Business ethics and the European Union: Astudy of Greek attitudes.Management Decision38 (6): 369-376.
44.
Peppas, Spero, and Barry Diskin. 2001. College courses in ethics: Do they really make a difference?International Journal of Educational Management15 (7): 347-353.
45.
Robin, Donald, and Laurie Babin. 1997. Making sense of the research on gender and ethics in business: A critical analysis and extension.Business Ethics Quarterly7 (4): 61-90.
46.
Roozen, Irene, Patrick De Pelsmaker, and Frank Bostyn. 2001. The ethical dimensions of decision processes of employees.Journal of Business Ethics33 (1): 87-99.
47.
Roth, William. 2002. Business ethics: Grounded in systems thinking.Journal of Organizational Excellence21 (3): 3-16.
48.
Ruegger, D., and E. King. 1992. A study of the effect of age and gender upon student business ethics.Journal of Business Ethics11:179-186.
49.
Schibrowsky, John A., James Peltier, and Thomas Boyt. 2002. Meeting the needs of business and students: Taking a professional approach to marketing education.Journal of Marketing Education24 (1): 43-55.
50.
Schlegelmilch, Bodo, and Diana Robertson. 1995. The influences of country and industry on ethical perceptions of senior executives in Europe.Journal of International Business Studies26 (4): 859-872.
51.
Schopenhauer, Arthur. 1979. Preisschrift über das fundament der moral. Stuttgart, Germany: Suhrkamp Verlag.
52.
Serwinek, Paul. 1992. Demographic and related differences in ethical views among small businesses.Journal of Business Ethics11 (7): 555-566.
53.
Shannon, Richard, and Robert Berl. 1997. Are we teaching ethics in marketing? A survey of students attitudes and perceptions. Journal of Business Ethics16 (4): 1059-1075.
54.
Singhapakdi, Anurson, Janet K. Marta, C. P. Rao, and Muris Cicic. 2001. Is cross cultural similarity an indicator of similar marketing ethics?Journal of Business Ethics32 (1): 55-68.
55.
Singhapakdi, Anurson, Scott Vitell, and George Franke. 1999. Antecedents, consequences, and mediating effects of perceived moral intensity and personal moral philosophies.Journal of the Academy of Marketing Sciences27 (1): 19-36.
56.
Singhapakdi, Anurson, Scott Vitell, and Kenneth Kraft. 1996. Moral intensity and ethical decision making of marketing professionals.Journal of Business Research36 (July): 245-255.
57.
Smith, N. Craig, and John Quelch. 1993. Ethics in marketing. Homewood, IL: Irwin.
58.
Thorne LeClair, Debbie, and Linda Ferrell. 2000. Innovation in experiential business ethics training.Journal of Business Ethics23 (4): 313-322.
59.
Trevino, L., and K. Nelson. 1995. Managing business ethics: Straight talk about how to do it right. New York: John Wiley.
60.
Tsalikis, John, and David J. Fritzsche. 1989. Business ethics: A literature reviewwith a focus on marketing ethics.Journal of Business Ethics8 (9): 695-743.
61.
Vogel, David. 1992. The globalization of business ethics: Why America remains distinctive.California Management Review35 (1): 30-49.
62.
Waggoner, John, and Thomas Fogarty. 2002. Scandals shred investors' faith. USA Today, May 2, A1-A1.
63.
Waters, James, and Frederick Bird. 1987. The moral dimension of organizational culture.Journal of Business Ethics6 (1): 1-13.
64.
Weber, James, and DavidWasieleski. 2001. Investigating influences on managers'moral reasoning: The impact of context and personal and organizational factors.Business and Society40 (1): 79-111.
65.
The Week. 2002. Advertising Age, December 9, 18-18.
66.
Yoo, Boonghee, and Naveen Donthu. 2002. The effects of marketing education and individual cultural values on marketing ethics of students.Journal of Marketing Education24 (2): 92-104.
67.
Wood, Donna. 2003. Teaching business ethics. Northern Iowa Today(Winter): 27-32.
