We conducted two parallel, blinded homeopathic pathogenetic trials conducted at two different sites to determine whether symptoms reported by healthy volunteers were significantly different for homeopathic remedies than for placebos. Study 1 used a two-armed design, testing ozone against placebo. Study 2 used a three-armed design, testing ozone and iridium against placebo. We found significantly more remedy-specific symptoms in provers taking ozone or iridium than in provers taking placebo in the three-armed trial and in both trials pooled for ozone and placebo. We, therefore, conclude that homeopathic remedies produce more symptoms typical for a remedy than non-typical symptoms. The results furthermore suggest a somewhat non-classical pattern because symptoms of one remedy appear to be mimicked in the other trial arm. This might be indicative of entanglement in homeopathic systems.
Atmanspacher, H., Römer, H., Walach, H. (2002) Weak quantum theory: complementarity and entanglement in physics and beyond. Found Phys32: 379-406.
2.
Becker-Witt, C., Lüdtke, R., Weisshuhn, TER, Willich, SN (2004) Diagnoses and treatment in homeopathic medical practice. Forsch Komplementarmed Klass Naturheilkd11: 98-103.
3.
Dantas, F. (1996) How can we get more reliable information from homoepathic pathogenetic trials? A critique of provings. Br Homeopath J85: 230-236.
4.
Dantas, F., Fisher, P. (1998) A systematic review of homoeopathic pathogenetic trials (`provings') published in the United Kingdom from 1945 to 1995. In: Ernst, E, Hahn, EG (eds), Homoeopathy: A Critical Appraisal. London: Butterworth-Heineman, pp. 69-97.
5.
Dantas, F., Fisher, P., Walach, H., Wieland, F., Rastogi, DP, Texeira, H. et al (2007) A systematic review of homeopathic pathogenetic trials published from 1945 to 1995. Homeopathy96: 4-16.
6.
Fisher, P., Bell, IR, Belon, P., Bolognani, F., Brands, M., Connolly, T. (2005) Letter to the editor: are the clinical effects of homoeopathy placebo effects?Lancet366: 2082.
7.
Fisher, P., Dantas, F. (2001) Homeopathic pathogenetic trials of Acidum malicum and Acidum ascorbicum. Br Homeopath J90: 118-125.
8.
Goodyear, K., Lewith, G., Low, JL (1998) Randomised double-blind placebo controlled trial of homoeopathic proving for Belladonna C30. J R Soc Med19: 579-582.
9.
Güthlin, C., Lange, O., Walach, H. (2004) Measuring the effects of acupuncture and homoeopathy in general practice: an uncontrolled prospective documentation approach. BMC Public Health, 6.
10.
Hahnemann, S. (1811) Reine Arzneimittellehre: Erster Theil. Dresden: Arnold.
11.
Hahnemann, S. (1982) Organon of Medicine. Los Angeles : JP Tarcher.
12.
Lewith, GT, Brien, S., Hyland, ME (2005) Presentiment or entanglement? An alternative explanation for apparent entanglement in provings. Homeopathy94: 92-95.
13.
Lucadou, WvRömer, H., Walach, H. (2007) Synchronistic phenomena as entanglement correlations in generalized quantum theory. J Conscious Stud14: 50-74.
14.
Milgrom, LR (2002) Patient-practitioner-remedy (PPR) entanglement: a qualitative, non-local metaphor for homeopathy based on quantum theory. Homeopathy91: 239-248.
15.
Milgrom, LR (2005) The sound of two hands clapping: could homeopathy work locally and non-locally? Homeopathy95: 100-104.
16.
Möllinger, H., Schneider, R., Löffel, M., Walach, H. (2004) A double-blind, randomized, homeopathic pathogenetic trial with healthy persons: Comparing two high potencies. Forsch Komplementarmed Klass Naturheilkd11: 274-280.
17.
Mortelmans, G. (1997) What do provings prove? A critical appraisal. Homoeopath Links10: 201-204.
18.
Muscari-Tomaioli, G., Allegri, F., Miali, E., Pomposelli, R., Tubia, P., Targhetta, A. (2001) Observational study of quality of life in patients with headache, receiving homeopathic treatment. Br Homeopath J90: 189-197.
19.
Riley, DS (1994a) Contemporary drug provings. J Am Inst Homeopath87: 161-165.
20.
Riley, DS (1994b) Nicotinamide adenine dinocleotide (NAD): a proving . J Am Inst Homeopath87: 74-78.
21.
Riley, DS (1995a) History of Homoeopathic Drug Provings. Philadelphia: Homoeopathic Pharmacopea Convention of the United States.
Schadde, A. (1995) Ozon. Eine homöopathische Studie. Munchen: Müller & Steinicke.
24.
Schlappack, O. (2004) Homeopathic treatment of radiation-induced itching in breast cancer patients. A prospective observational study. Homeopathy93: 210-215.
25.
Schroyens, F. (1993) Synthesis: Repertorium Homeopathicum Syntheticum . London: Homoeopathic Book Publishers .
26.
Schuster, B. (1995) Bambus. Homöopathische Prüfung und Verifizierung. Mit Kasuistiksammlung. Kronberg: Kent-Gesellschaft.
27.
Shang, A., Huwiler-Münteler, K., Nartey, L., Jüni, P., Dörig, S., Sterne, JAC (2005) Are the clinical effects of homeopathy placebo effects? Comparative study of placebo-controlled trials of homoeopathy and allopathy. Lancet366: 726-732.
28.
Sherr, J. (1994) The Dynamics and Methodology of Homoeopathic Provings. WestMalvern: Dynamis Books.
29.
Sherr, J. (1998) Dynamic Provings, vol. 1. West Malvern: Dynamis Books.
Steinsbekk, A., Lüdtke, R. (2005) Patients' assessments of the effectiveness of homeopathic care in Norway: a prospective observational multicentre outcome study. Homeopathy94: 10-16.
32.
Thompson, E., Barron, S., Spence, D. (2004) A preliminary audit investigating remedy reactions including adverse events in routine homeopathic practice. Homeopathy93: 203-209.
33.
Vandenbroucke, JP, de Craen, AJM (2002) Alternative medicine: a `mirror image' for scientific reasoning in conventional medicine. Ann Intern Med135: 507-513.
34.
Van Wassenhoven, M., Ives, G. (2004) An observational study of patients receiving homeopathic treatment. Homeopathy93: 3-11.
35.
Vickers, A. (1999) Independent replication of pre-clinical research in homoeopathy: a systematic review. Forsch Komplementarmed6: 311-320.
36.
Von Stillfried, N., Walach, H. (2006) The whole and its parts: are complementarity and non-locality intrinsic to closed systems?International Journal of Computing Anticipatory Systems17: 137-146.
37.
Walach, H. (1993) Does a highly diluted homoeopathic drug act as a placebo in healthy volunteers? Experimental study of Belladonna C30. J Psychosom Res37: 851-860.
38.
Walach, H. (2003) Entanglement model of homeopathy as an example of generalizsed entanglement predicted by Weak Quantum Theory. Forsch Komplementarmed Klass Naturheilkd10: 192-200.
39.
Walach, H. (2005) Entangled - and tied in knots! Practical consequences of an entanglement model for homeopathic reserach and practice. Homeopathy94: 96-99.
40.
Walach, H., Jonas, W., Lewith, G. (2005a) Letter to the editor: are the clinical effects of homoeopathy placebo effects? Comparative study of placebo-controlled trials of homoeopathy and allopathy. Lancet366: 2081.
41.
Walach, H., Jonas, WB, Ives, J., van Wijk, R., Weingärtner, O. (2005b) Research on homeopathy: state of the art. J Altern Complement Med11: 813-829.
42.
Walach, H., Kohls, N. (2005) Grade-of-Membership (GoM) - analysis as a sensitive method for evaluating categorical data - introduction and some examples. In: Beauducel, A, Biehl, B, Bosniak, M, Conrad, W, Schönberger, G, Wagener, D (eds), Multivariate Research Strategies - Festschrift for Werner W. Wittmann. Aachen: Shaker, pp. 151-172.
43.
Walach, H., Köster, H., Hennig, T., Haag, G. (2001) The effects of homeopathic belladonna 30CH in healthy volunteers - a randomized, double-blind experiment. J Psychosom Res50: 155-160.
44.
Walach, H., Schüppel, R. (1997) Homöopathieforschung - Eine Taxonomie. Forsch Komplementarmed4: 344-347.
45.
Walach, H., Sherr, J., Schneider, R., Shabi, R., Bond, A., Rieberer, G. (2004) Homeopathic proving symptoms: result of a local, non-local, or placebo process? A blinded, placebo-controlled pilot study. Homeopathy93: 179-185.
46.
Wehmeyer, A., Heger, M., Riley, DS (1996) Homöoapthische Arzneimittelprüfungen - Grundlagen und Praxis. In: Hornung, J (ed), Forschungsmethoden in der Komplementärmedizin. Über die Notwendigkeit einer methodologischen Erneuerung. Stuttgart: Schattauer, pp. 32-43.
47.
Weingärtner, O. (2002) Über die wissenschaftliche Barbeitbarkeit der Identifikation eines "arzneilichen Gehalts" von Hochpotenzen. Forsch Komplementarmed Klass Naturheilkd9: 229-233.
48.
Witt, C., Keil, T., Selim, D., Roll, S., Vance, W., Wegscheider, K., Willich, SN (2005a) Outcome and costs of homoeopathic and conventional treatment strategies: a comparative cohort study in patients with chronic disorders. Complement Ther Med13: 79-86.
49.
Witt, CM, Lüdtke, R., Baur, R., Willich, SN (2005b) Homeopathic medical practice: long term results of a cohort study with 3981 patients. BMC Public Health5: 115.
