State recognition of collective victimization: Reparations for displaced populations in Argentina and Iraq

Abstract

Recognition is increasingly conceptualized as a fundamental dimension of transitional justice (TJ), which aims to address serious human rights violations and promote healing of victims in transitional societies. Victims of forced displacement are among the victim groups who demand that their suffering be acknowledged and that their right to equal citizenship be reaffirmed. Within this framework, this paper examines how recognition in TJ relates to displaced people. Following an examination of displaced populations’ collective victimization, and sociopolitical marginalization, this paper explores the role and responsibility of states in ensuring effective and meaningful recognition through reparation. It does so by analyzing reparation mechanisms and demands in Argentina and Iraq, two cases where displacement has been a major issue at the heart of TJ. Despite their distinct contexts of violence, the cases shed light on diverse reparation measures implemented to acknowledge past abuses, provide redress, and restore equal citizenship. Based on an empirical study that involved an analysis of relevant literature and documents, this research provides insights into how states recognize forced displacement as a form of collective victimization and view displaced populations as collectives.