Different crimes have their own unique characteristics. Victim needs and experiences vary across crime types. However, there has been a tendency for the criminal justice system to treat victims as a homogeneous entity and respond to victims of different types of crimes in a routine manner. This is especially true in a developing country like India. This study, using victim survey data from India, examines whether the crime type (property crime or violent crime) has a mediating influence on the relation between the quality of procedure and outcome of police response on the one hand, and victim satisfaction on the other. The study concludes that the type of crime has a mediating effect on the relation between interpersonal justice, information justice and outcome, and the satisfaction of victims with services provided by the police.
AikenLSWestSGRenoRR (1991) Multiple Regression: Testing and Interpreting Interactions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
2.
BargaiNBen-ShakharGShalevAY (2007) Posttraumatic stress disorder and depression in battered women: The mediating role of learned helplessness. Journal of Family Violence22(5): 267–275.
3.
BaronRMKennyDA (1986) The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology51(6): 1173–1182.
4.
BaylyS (1999) Caste, Society and Politics in India from Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5.
BiesRJMoagJF (1986). Interactional justice: Communication criteria of fairness. In: LewickiRJSheppardBHBazermanMH (eds) Research on Negotiations in Organizations (Vol. 1). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, pp. 43–55.
6.
BiesRJShapiroDL (1987) Interactional fairness judgments: The influence of causal accounts. Social Justice Research1(2): 199–218.
7.
BlackD (1976) The Behavior of Law. New York: Academic Press.
8.
BoggsSLGalliherSF (1975) Evaluating the police: A comparison of black street and household respondents. Social Problems13: 393–406
9.
BowlesRReyesMGGaroupaN (2009) Crime reporting decisions and the costs of crime. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research15(4): 365–377.
10.
BrassPR (2003) The Production of Hindu-Muslim Violence in Contemporary India. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
11.
BrownBBenedictWR (2002) Perceptions of the police. Past findings, methodological issues, conceptual issues, and policy implications. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management25(3): 543–580.
12.
CallenderAD (1987) How shall We Govern India? A Controversy among British Administrators, 1800–1882. New York: Garland.
13.
CarrCL (1981) The concept of formal justice. Philosophical Studies39(3): 211–226.
14.
Census of India (2011) Census data of Karnataka State. Available at: http://censusindia.gov.in/(accessed 14 November 2016).
15.
CheurprakobkitS (2000) Police-citizen contact and police performance. Attitudinal differences between Hispanics and non-Hispanics. Journal of Criminal Justice28(4): 325–336.
16.
CodyF (2009) Inscribing subjects to citizenship: Petitions, literacy activism, and the performativity of signature in rural Tamil India. Cultural Anthropology24(3): 347–380.
17.
CohenJ (1988) Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd edition). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
18.
ColquittJA (2001) On the dimensionality of organizational justice: A construct validation of a measure. Journal of Applied Psychology86(3): 386–400.
19.
CoupeTGriffithsM (1999) The influence of police actions on victim satisfaction in burglary investigations. International Journal of the Sociology of Law27(4): 413–431.
20.
CrankJP (1990) The influence of environmental and organizational factors on police style in urban and rural environments. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency27(2): 166–189.
21.
DrèzeJSenA (2002) Democratic practice and social inequality in India. Journal of Asian and African Studies37(2): 6–37.
22.
DysonTMooreM (1983) On kinship structure, female autonomy, and demographic behavior in India. Population and Development Review9(1): 35–60.
23.
ElliottIThomasSDOgloffJR (2011) Procedural justice in contacts with the police: Testing a relational model of authority in a mixed methods study. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law17(4): 592–610.
24.
FalsettiSAResickPA (1995). Causal attributions, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder in victims of crime. Journal of Applied Social Psychology25(12): 1027–1042.
25.
FrankJSmithBWNovakKJ (2005) Exploring the basis of citizens’ attitudes toward the police. Police Quarterly8(2): 206–228.
26.
GailMSimonR (1985) Testing for qualitative interactions between treatment effects and patient subsets. Biometrics41(2): 361–372.
27.
GerberMMJacksonJ (2013). Retribution as revenge and retribution as just deserts. Social Justice Research26(1): 61–80.
28.
GreenbergJ (1993) The social side of fairness: Interpersonal and informational classes of organizational justice. In: CropanzanoR (ed) Justice in the Workplace: Approaching Fairness in Human Resource Management. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, pp. 79–103.
HickmanLJSimpsonSS (2003) Fair treatment or preferred outcome? The impact of police behavior onvictim reports of domestic violence incidents. Law & Society Review37(3): 607–634.
31.
HindsL (2009) Public satisfaction with police. The influence of general attitudes and police-citizen encounters. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management11(1): 54–66.
32.
HoTMcKeanJ (2004) Confidence in the police and perceptions of risk. Western Criminology Review5(2): 108–118.
33.
HuoY J (2003) Procedural justice and social regulation across group boundaries: Does subgroup identity undermine relationship-based governance?Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin29(3): 336–348.
34.
HurstYGFrankJ (2000). How kids view cops. The nature of juvenile attitudes toward the police. Journal of Criminal Justice28(3) 189–202.
35.
JaffrelotC (2003) India’s Silent Revolution: The Rise of the Low Castes in North Indian Politics. Delhi: Permanent Black.
36.
JeffreyC (2000) Democratisation without representation? The power and political strategies of a rural elite in North India. Political Geography19(8): 1013–1036.
37.
JesilowPMeyerJNamazziN (1995) Public attitudes towards police. American Journal of Police14(2): 67–88.
38.
JohnstoneG (2013) Restorative Justice: Ideas, Values, Debates. New York: Routledge.
39.
KannanKP (2009) Dualism, informality and social inequality: An informal economy Perspective of the challenge. Indian Journal of Labour Economics52(1): 1–32.
40.
KilpatrickDGAciernoR (2003). Mental health needs of crime victims: Epidemiology and outcomes. Journal of Traumatic Stress16(2): 119–132.
41.
KimJMuellerC (1978) Factor Analysis Statistical Methods and Practical Issues. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
42.
KishorSGuptaK (2009) Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment in India. National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3) India 2005-06. Mumbai: International Institute for Population Sciences.
43.
KnappW (1972) Report of the Commission to Investigate Allegations of Police Corruption and the City’s Anti-Corruption Procedures. New York, NY: George Braziller.
44.
KrakowBJohnstonLMelendrezD. (2001) An open-label trial of evidence-based cognitive behavior therapy for nightmares and insomnia in crime victims with PTSD. American Journal of Psychiatry158(12): 2043–2047.
45.
KusowAMWilsonLCMartinDE (1997) Determinants of citizen satisfaction with the police: The effects of residential location. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management20(4): 655–664.
LaxminarayanM (2012) Procedural justice and psychological effects of criminal proceedings: The moderating effect of offense type. Social Justice Research25(4): 390–405.
48.
LaxminarayanMBosmansMPorterR. (2013) Victim satisfaction with criminal justice: A systematic review. Victims & Offenders8(2): 119–147.
49.
LaxminarayanMPembertonA (2012) Does the procedure always matter? The interaction of procedural quality and outcome favorability on self-esteem and trust in the legal system. In: LaxminarayanM.The Heterogeneity of Crime Victims: Variations in Procedural and Outcome Preferences. Oisterwijk: Wolf Legal Publishers, pp.163–184.
50.
LeventhalG S (1980) What should be done with equity theory? In: GergenKJM.S. GreenbergMSR.H. WillisRH (eds) Social Exchange: Advances in Theory and Research. New York: Plenum Press, pp. 27–55.
51.
LeventhalGSKaruzaJFryWR (1980) Beyond fairness: A theory of allocation preferences. In: MikulaG (ed) Justice and Social Interaction. New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 167–218.
52.
LindEATylerTR (1988) The Social Psychology of Procedural Justice. New York: Plenum Press.
53.
MaguireM (1980) The impact of burglary upon victims. British Journal of Criminology20(3): 261–275.
54.
MillerTRCohenMARossmanSB (1993) Victim costs of violent crime and resulting injuries. Health Affairs12(4): 186–197.
55.
MurphyKBarkworthJ (2014) Victim willingness to report crime to police: Does procedural justice or outcome matter most?Victims & Offenders9(2): 178–204.
56.
NallaMKMadanM (2012) Determinants of citizens’ perceptions of police–community cooperation in India: Implications for community policing. Asian Journal of Criminology7(4): 277–294.
57.
NarulaS (1999) Broken People: Caste Violence Against India’s “Untouchables.”New York: Human Rights Watch.
58.
NatarajanM (2005) Women police stations as a dispute processing system. Woman and Criminal Justice16(1-2): 87–106.
59.
NorrisFHKaniastyK (1994) Psychological distress following criminal victimization in the general population: Cross-sectional, longitudinal, and prospective analyses. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology62(1):111–123.
60.
OommenM (2005) Crossing boundaries and stepping out of purdah in India. In: AikmanSUnterhalterE (eds) Beyond Access: Transforming Policy and Practice for Gender Equality in Education. Dorset: Oxfam Publishing, pp. 166–180.
61.
OrthUCahillSPFoaEB. (2008) Anger and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in crime victims: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology76(2): 208–218.
62.
OrthUMaerckerA (2009) Posttraumatic anger in crime victims: Directed at the perpetrator and at the self. Journal of Traumatic Stress22(2): 158–161.
63.
OrthUMontadaLMaerckerA (2006) Feelings of revenge, retaliation motive, and posttraumatic stress reactions in crime victims. Journal of Interpersonal Violence21(2): 229–243.
64.
PercySL (1986) In defense of citizen evaluation as performance measures. Urban Affairs Quarterly22(1): 66–83.
65.
PriestTBCarterD B (1999) Evaluations of police performance in an African American sample. Journal of Criminal Justice27(5): 457–465.
66.
ReisigMDParksRB (2000) Experience, quality of life, and neighborhood context: A hierarchical analysis of satisfaction with police. Justice Quarterly17(3): 607–630.
67.
RenLCaoLLovrichN. (2005) Linking confidence in the police with the performance of the police: Community policing can make a difference. Journal of Criminal Justice33(1): 55–66.
68.
ShaplandJHallM (2007) What do we know about the effects of crime on victims?International Review of Victimology14(2): 175–217.
69.
ShermanL (1978). Scandal and Reform. Controlling Police Corruption. Berkeley: University of California Press.
70.
SinghaR (1998) A Despotism of Law. Crime and Justice in Early Colonial India. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
71.
SunshineJTylerT (2003) The role of procedural justice and legitimacy in shaping public support for policing. Law and Society Review37(3): 513–348.
72.
StokesE (1959) The English Utilitarians and India. Oxford: Clarendon Press
73.
TankebeJ (2009) Public cooperation with the police in Ghana: Does procedural fairness matter?Criminology47(4): 1265–1293.
74.
TarlingRMorrisK (2010) Reporting crime to the police. British Journal of Criminology50(3): 474–490.
75.
TabachnickBGFidellLS (2007) Using Multivariate Statistics (5th ed). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
76.
TewksburyRWestA (2001) Crime victims’ satisfaction with police services: An assessment in one urban community. Criminal Justice Studies14(4): 271–285.
77.
ThoratSNewmanKS (2010) Blocked by Caste. Economic Discrimination in Modern India. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
78.
TylerTR (1988) What is procedural justice-criteria used by citizens to assess the fairness of legal procedures?Law & Society Review22 (1): 103–135.
79.
TylerTR (2011) Why People Cooperate: The Role of Social Motivations. NJ: Princeton University Press.
80.
TylerTRLindEA (1992) A relational model of authority in groups. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology25: 115–191.
81.
VarshneyA (2002) Ethnic Conflict and Civil Life: Hindus and Muslims in India. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
82.
Van den BosKVermuntRWilkeHA (1997) Procedural and distributive justice: What is fair depends more on what comes first than on what comes next. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology72(1): 95–104.
83.
VerdonschotJHBarendrechtMKlamingL. (2008) Measuring access to justice: The quality of outcomes. Tilburg University Legal Studies Working Paper (014).
84.
VermaA (1999) Cultural roots of police corruption in India. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management22(3): 264–279.
85.
VidmarN (2000) Retribution and revenge. In: SandersJHamiltonVL (eds) Handbook of Justice Research in Law (Vol. 2). New York: Kluwer/Plenum, pp. 31–63.
86.
VincentnathanLVincentnathanSG (2007) Village courts and the police: Cooperation and conflict in modernizing India. Police Practice and Research: An International Journal8(5): 445–459.
87.
Vinod KumarTK (2013) Public Events and Police Response. Understanding Public Order Policing in Democratic India. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
88.
Vinod KumarTK (2014) Differing services, rising expectations, and greater demands. Patterns in variations of police-public dynamics across areas with conventional and community policing in India. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management37(1): 170–189.
89.
WeinribEJ (2000) Restitutionary damages as corrective justice. Theoretical Inquiries in Law1(1): 1–37.
90.
WeisheitRAFalconeDNWellsLE (2006) Crime and Policing in Rural and Small-town America. Long Grove, Illinois: Waveland Press.
91.
WeitzerRTuchSA (2005) Determinants of public satisfaction with the police. Police Quarterly8(3): 279–297.
92.
WellsLE (2007) Type of contact and evaluations of police officers: The effects of procedural justice across three types of police–citizen contacts. Journal of Criminal Justice35(6): 612–621.
93.
WenzelM (2006) A letter from the tax office: Compliance effects of informational and interpersonal justice. Social Justice Research19(3): 345–364.
94.
WorrallJL (1999) Public perceptions of police efficacy and image: The “fuzziness” of support for the police. American Journal of Criminal Justice24(1): 47–66.
95.
WuYSunIYTriplettRA (2009) Race, class or neighborhood context: Which matters more in measuring satisfaction with police?Police Quarterly26(1): 125–156.
96.
YoungMSteinJ (2004) The History of the Crime Victims’ Movement in the United States. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office for Victims of Crime.
