The relatives/carers of 23 traumatic brain injury patients were interviewed around one year after patients' discharge from postacute rehabilitation to determine the nature of the residual problems, the nature of the relatives' and carers' responses, and the strain on relatives and carers. Relatives were under very considerable strain. Some response styles were associated with increased stress, but there was little evidence for the effectiveness of positive coping strategies in reducing stress.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Weddell R., Oddy M., Jenkins D.Social adjustment after rehabilitation: a two year follow-up of patients with severe head injury. Psychol Med1980; 10: 257-63.
2.
Brooks DN, Campsie L., Symington C., Beattie A., McKinlay WW. The effects of severe head injury upon patient and relative within seven years of injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil1987 ; 2: 1-13.
3.
Jennet B., Snoek J., Bond MRDisability after severe head injury - observations on the use of the Glasgow Outcome Scale. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry1981; 44: 285-93.
4.
Brooks DN, Aughton MECognitive recovery during the first year and after severe head injury . Int Rehabil Med1981; 1: 166-72.
5.
McKinlay WW, Brooks DN, Bond MR, Martinage DP, Marshall MMThe short-term outcome of severe blunt head injury as reported by relatives of the injured persons. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry1981; 44: 527-33.
6.
Oddy M., Humphrey M., Uttley D.Subjective impairment and social recovery after closed head injury . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry1978; 41: 611-16.
7.
Brooks DN, McKinlay WW. Personality and behavioural changes after severe blunt head injury- a relative's view. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry1983; 40: 336-44.
8.
Gray JM, Shepherd M., McKinlay WW, Robertson IH, Pentland B.Negative symptoms in the traumatically brain injured during the first year post discharge, and their effect on rehabilitation status, work status and family burden. Clin Rehabil1994 ; 8: 188-97.
9.
Panting, M.The long-term rehabilitation of severe head injury patients with particular reference to the need for social and medical support for the relatives' family . Rehabilitation (Bonn) 1972; 38: 33-37.
10.
Oddy M., Humphrey M., Uttley D.Stresses upon the relatives of brain-injured patients. Br J Psychiatry1978;133:507-13.
11.
Livingston MGHead injury: the relative's response. Brain Inj1987; 1: 33-39.
12.
Livingston MG, Brooks DN, Bond MRPatients' outcome in the year following head injury and relatives' psychiatric and social functioning . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry1985; 48: 876-81.
13.
Brooks N.Head injury and the family. In: Brooks N ed. Head injury: psychological, social and family consequences . Oxford: Oxford University Press , 1984: 123-47.
14.
Lazarus RS, Folkman S.Stress, appraisal and coping. New York: Springer, 1984.
15.
Pearlin LI, Schooler C.The structure of coping. J Health Soc Behav1978; 19: 2-21.
16.
Folkman S., Lazarus RS, Dunkel-Schetter, DeLongis A, Gruen R.The dynamics of a stressful encounter: cognitive appraisal, coping and encounter outcome. J Pers Soc Psychol1986; 50: 992-1003.
17.
Folkman S., Lazarus RS, Gruen R., DeLongis A.Appraisal, coping, health status and psychological symptoms. J Pers Soc Psychol1986; 50: 571-79.
18.
Vitaliano PP , Maiuro RD, Russo J., Becker J.Raw versus relative scores in the assessment of coping strategies. J Behav Med1987; 10: 1-18.
19.
Miller PMcC , Surtees PG, Kreitman NB, Ingham JG, Sashaidharan SPMaladaptive coping reactions to stress - a study of illness inception. J Nerv Ment Dis1985;173:707-16.
20.
Coyne JC, Aldwin C., Lazarus RSDepression and coping in stressful episodes. J Abnorm Psychol1982; 90: 439-47.
Goldberg D.Manual of the general health questionnaire. Windsor : NFER Publishing Co., 1978.
23.
Bruckner FE , Randle Aph.Return to work after severe head injury . Rheum Phys Med1972 ; 11: 344-48.
24.
Kanner AD, Coyne JC, Schaefer C., Lazarus RSComparisons of two modes of stress measurement: daily hassles and uplifts versus major life events. J Behav Med1981 ; 4: 1-39.