Cross-cultural adaptation,reliability,and validity of the Turkish version of the Outpatient Physical Therapy Improvement in Movement Assessment Log (OPTIMAL)

Abstract

Objective

To adapt the Outpatient Physical Therapy Improvement in Movement Assessment Log questionnaire into Turkish and to evaluate its cultural adaptation, validity, and reliability.

Design

A cross-sectional study involving cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric validation.

Setting

Outpatient physiotherapy clinics at a university hospital in Turkey.

Participants

272 adult patients receiving outpatient physiotherapy.

Intervention

Participants completed the Turkish version of the scale, along with the Tampa Kinesiophobia Scale, Katz Activities of Daily Living Scale, and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire–Short Form. A subgroup of 84 participants completed the questionnaire again after two weeks to assess test–retest reliability.

Main measures

Content validity was assessed using the Davis technique; structural validity was examined using exploratory factor analysis and confirmed using confirmatory factor analysis. Internal consistency was determined using Cronbach's alpha coefficient; test–retest reliability was evaluated using the intraclass correlation coefficient; and parallel-forms reliability was assessed.

Results

The Content Validity Index of the scale was 0.92. Confirmatory factor analysis fit indices for the three-factor structure were acceptable: chi-square/degrees of freedom = 1.672; root mean square error of approximation = 0.047; comparative fit index = 0.953; Tucker–Lewis index = 0.945. Cronbach's alpha was .859, and the intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.856, indicating high internal consistency and reliability.

Conclusions

The Turkish version of the scale is a culturally adapted, valid, and reliable tool for assessing movement-related confidence in adult outpatients receiving physiotherapy. It can guide clinical decisions and support patient-centered rehabilitation.