A randomized controlled trial studying efficacy and tolerance of a knee-ankle-foot orthosis used to prevent equinus in children with spastic cerebral palsy

Abstract

Objective:

To examine whether using a knee-ankle-foot orthosis helps maintain ankle-foot dorsiflexion range of motion over time.

Design:

A multicentre randomized controlled trial.

Setting:

Two hospitals and one rehabilitation centre in the Netherlands and the USA.

Subjects:

Children (4-16 years old) with spastic cerebral palsy who were able to walk.

Intervention:

Use of a knee-ankle-foot orthosis, equipped with an Ultraflex^® ankle power unit, for at least 6 hours every other night for one year.

Main measures:

Primary outcome measure: ankle-foot dorsiflexion range of motion. Secondary outcome measures: ankle-foot and knee angle in gait and gross motor function. Wearing time was also measured. Measurements were taken at baseline and at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months.

Results:

28 children (experimental group: n=15, control group: n=13) participated in the study. 11 participants (experimental: n=4, control: n=7) did not complete all five measurements, as they needed additional treatment. No significant difference was found in the decrease of ankle-foot dorsiflexion range of motion between the experimental and control groups (difference: −1.05°, 95% confidence interval: −4.71° – 2.61°). In addition, secondary outcome measures did not show differences between groups. Despite good motivation, knee-ankle-foot orthosis wearing time was limited to a mean±SD of 3.2±1.9 hours per prescribed night due to discomfort.

Conclusions:

Knee-ankle-foot orthosis with dynamic ankle and fixed knee are poorly tolerated and are not beneficial in preventing a reduction in ankle-foot dorsiflexion range of motion in children with spastic cerebral palsy, at least with limited use.