Implications of pediatric extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation simulation for intensive care team confidence and coordination: A pilot study

Abstract

Introduction

Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR) is associated with improved outcomes in select populations, however, crisis resource management (CRM) in this setting is logistically challenging. This study evaluates the impact of ECPR simulation on self-perceived confidence and collaboration of intensive care unit team members.

Methods

This is a prospective observational study analyzing data obtained between July 2018–December 2019. This study focused on non-surgical members of critical care team consisting of pediatric intensivists, resident physicians, registered nurses, respiratory therapists. Participants were expected to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) during the ECPR event, participate in code-team responsibilities and provide ancillary support during cannulation. Pre- and post-simulation surveys employed the Likert scale (1 = not at all confident, 5 = highly confident) to assess self-perceived scores in specified clinical competencies.

Results

Twenty-nine providers participated in the simulation; 38% had prior ECPR experience. Compared to mean pre-study Likert scores (2.4, 2.4, 2.5), post-simulation scores increased (4.2, 4.4, 4.3) when self-evaluating: confidence in assessing patients needing ECPR, confidence in participating in ECPR workflow and confidence in performing high-quality CPR, respectively. Post-simulation values of >3 were reported by 100% of participants in all domains (p < .0001). All participants indicated the clinical scenario and procedural environment to be realistic and appropriately reflective of situational stress. Additionally, 100% of participants reported the simulation to improve perceived team communication and teamwork skills.

Conclusion

This study demonstrated preliminary feasibility of pediatric ECPR simulation in enhancing independent provider confidence and team communication. This self-perceived improvement may establish a foundation for cohesive CRM, in preparation for a real life ECPR encounter.

Keywords

crisis resource management ECPR communication ECMO simulation

Introduction

Pediatric cardiac arrest accounts for a quarter of all pediatric mortalities and, compared to adult cardiac arrest, has contrasting outcomes after intervention primarily due to inherent underlying pathophysiology.¹ The standard intervention for pediatric cardiac arrest is cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), within the pediatric advanced life support (PALS)) algorithm. In refractory cases of arrest, escalation of therapy to extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR) is gaining traction. Formally, ECPR is defined as extracorporeal support initiation during conventional CPR or when repetitive arrest events occur without return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) for >20 min1¹ Current evidence in adults suggests an improvement in survival as well as better neurologic outcomes after ECPR compared to conventional CPR. In children, while existing data is certainly not as robust, there is moderate evidence demonstrating similar outcome improvements.^2–5

Notable resuscitation factors that determine outcomes of ECPR include quality of CPR before and during ECMO cannulation as well as adequacy of circuit flow. There is conflicting data regarding impact of duration of CPR prior to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) cannulation and outcomes following ECPR.^6–9 Nonetheless, to provide a high-quality ECPR, the resuscitation team must establish a cohesive and coordinated workflow with the surgical team to minimize interruptions to compressions during cannulation. These elements are derived from a broader logistical framework known as crisis resource management (CRM).^10,11At its core, CRM represents a fundamental set of cognitive and interpersonal principles such as situational awareness, role clarity, communication, prioritization, and debriefing.¹²

In pediatrics, simulation has been identified to be an important method for overcoming both provider and trainee clinical knowledge gaps, thereby improving patient safety and quality of care.^2,13,14 For critical, and often infrequently encountered situations such as ECMO or ECPR, pre-emptive provider education is pivotal to overcome situational unfamiliarity.^15,16 Thus, our aim was to integrate a simulation-based educational curriculum in order to enhance the confidence and awareness of cardiac intensive care unit (CICU) team members during the ECPR encounter.

Methods

This is a prospective study conducted between July 2018–December 2019 that examined data collected during simulation exercises at the Children’s Hospital of San Antonio/Baylor College of Medicine. Institutional review board (IRB) approval was obtained and written consent was obtained from all participants prior to study initiation [H-41102]. As this study’s intent was to investigate the impact of simulation on non-surgical members of the ECPR activation team, study participants included: pediatric intensivists, pediatric resident physicians, registered nurses, and respiratory therapists. In order to minimize variation introduced by prior experience, participants were included only if they reported no previous formal ECMO or ECPR simulation training. Though included as members of the physical simulation, surgeons and ECMO specialists/technicians were not included in the analysis. Demographic information was collected from participants to better elucidate provider training level, number of years in practice, certification status, and any previous experience managing patients on ECMO.

The simulation scenario was adopted from a common, real-life, PICU ECPR scenario of cardiac arrest in a child with worsening bradycardia due to acute hypoxemia related to acute, severe asthma. The scenario had clear objectives and a structured design based on the well-recognized simulation design standards published by the International Nursing Association for Clinical Simulation and Learning Standards.^17,18

Each participant was expected to function in their normal roles and scopes of practice within the scenario. The pediatric intensivist carried out the role of code team leader, with assistance from the resident physician. The respiratory therapist performed airway and ventilator management when necessary. The nursing staff was responsible for medication preparation, medication administration, event documentation and cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Scenarios were conducted in the hospital simulation center, which is distant from standard patient care areas, to avoid jeopardizing patient care, study participants’ privacy, or confidentiality. The ECPR manikin was designed only for veno-arterial cannulation through the right carotid artery and right internal jugular vein and is displayed in Figure 1.

Figure 1.

Simulation manikin with reusable carotid and internal jugular vascular conduits for right neck veno-arterial cannulation.

The simulation technician prepared the manikin as well as all the simulation resources such as code cart, gowns, masks, and monitor settings. Before initiating the scenario, participants were educated about the logistics of simulation, location of all clinical supplies, and familiarized with details of the pre- and post-simulation questionnaires. Before starting the scenario, participants completed the pre-simulation questionnaire to assess their initial confidence level in assessing and managing a child in need of ECMO. Subsequently, the nurse educator provided orientation about the manikin at the bedside and verbalized the case vignette to the participants in order to provide clinical context for the impending simulation. The simulation team appointed one of the nurse participants to be the primary bedside/code nurse. During the scenario, the simulation technician altered the patient’s clinical parameters on the monitor to reflect real time response to interventions while the facilitator observed the participants through the control room. The manikin itself did not have interactive or remotely controlled physiologic features, thus participants implemented therapies based upon the vital signs and parameters displayed by the technician on the monitor.

At the conclusion of the scenario, the facilitators conducted structured video debriefing sessions, specifically so that recorded footage could be replayed and analyzed more critically. The previously validated Debriefing Assessment for Simulation (DASH) model was integrated, which is based upon evaluating human growth in experiential contexts specifically in regards to participant thought processes and synthesis of actions.¹⁹ Thus, debriefing focused on verbally exploring the teamwork, communication, collaboration, and overall medical management experienced in the scenario. Participants shared observations regarding efficiency and cohesiveness of closed loop communication throughout the simulation and its influence on delivery of ECPR. After the video debriefing, participants completed the post-simulation questionnaire.

We utilized pre- and post-simulation questionnaires that employed the Likert scale (1 = not at all confident, 5 = highly confident) to assess self-perceived scores in specified clinical competencies, both before and after simulation. These included (1) confidence in assessing a patient in need of ECPR, (2) confidence in participating in the ECPR workflow, (3) confidence in assuring high-quality CPR during ECPR, (4) confidence in assessing a patient on ECMO for any acute changes in physiologic and/or ECMO parameters, and (5) confidence in helping manage a patient on ECMO suffering from changes in physiologic and/or ECMO parameters (Supplement 1). The assessments, provided insight on the scenario’s impact on practice, teamwork, communication, and assessment skills.²⁰ Participants were then asked to gauge improvement in ECPR performance as well as their confidence in entering a similar clinical situation in future, based on a Likert scale (1 = not at all, 5 = a lot/highly). (Supplement 2). Participants also assessed the perceived realism of the ECPR manikin, the clinical scenario, and realism of stress experienced during the simulation. Chi-squared/Fisher’s exact tests were used to compare categorical variables with significant set at p < .05.

Results

Twenty-nine participants completed the simulation exercise. Most participants were registered nurses (59.6%) or faculty intensivists (10.2%). Most (59%) had more than 5 years of professional experience as clinicians. Additionally, 11 participants (38%) had previous experience with ECPR and 17 (59%) had experience managing ECMO patients and/or associated complications. However, no participants had previously been involved in ECMO or ECPR simulation. Overall, 90% (n = 26) of participants were certified in (PALS). Demographic and clinical data of the entire cohort are summarized in Table 1.

Table 1.

Participant demographics and prior experience.

Experience/credential	N (%)
Provider level
Registered nurse (RN)	17 (59.6)
Respiratory therapist (RT)	2 (6.9)
Resident physician	3 (10.2)
Faculty physician	7 (24.1)
Provider time in practice
<2 years	2 (6.9)
2–5 years	12 (41.4)
5–10 years	6 (20.7)
10–20 years	5 (17.2)
20+ years	4 (13.8)
Certified in PALS	26 (90)
Previous experience with ECPR	11 (38)
Previous experience with management of ECMO complications	17 (59)

Before completing the simulation exercise, 45% (n = 13) reported confidence in assessing a patient in need of ECPR, 41% (n = 12) said they were confident in participating in ECPR and 48% (n = 14) said they were confident in assuring high-quality CPR during and ECPR encounter. 45% (n = 13) said they were confident in assessing a patient on ECMO, while 41% (n = 12) reported they were confident in managing a patient on ECMO for any acute changes in physiologic parameters.

In comparison, upon completing the constructed simulation, 100% of participants reported confidence in assessing a patient requiring ECPR (p < .0001), confidence in participating in ECPR (p < .0001), and confidence in assuring high-quality compressions during ECPR (p < .0001). Furthermore, 100% (n = 29) expressed confidence in assessing a patient on ECMO and 93% (n = 27) said they were confident in managing a patient on ECMO (p < .0001) [Table 2].

Table 2.

Pre-simulation versus post-simulation assessments.

Parameters	Pre-simulation		Post-simulation		p-value
Parameters	Survey response	Survey response ≥ 3 N (%)	Survey response Mean (SD)	Survey response ≥3 N (%)	p-value
Confidence in assessing a patient in need of ECPR	2.38 (1.147)	13 (44.8)	4.17 (0.805)	29 (100)	<0.0001
Confidence in participating in ECPR workflow	2.38 (1.78)	12 (41.4)	4.41 (0.682)	29 (100)	<0.0001
Confidence in assuring high-quality CPR during ECPR	2.52 (1.27)	14 (48.3)	4.31 (0.712)	29 (100)	<0.0001
Confidence in assessing a patient on ECMO for any acute changes in physiologic and/or ECMO parameters	2.41 (1.15)	13 (44.8)	4.10 (0.724)	29 (100)	<0.0001
Confidence in helping manage a patient on ECMO suffering from acute changes in physiologic and/or ECMO parameters	2.31 (1.07)	12 (41.4)	4.07 (0.923)	27 (93.1)	<0.0001

Additionally, in the post-simulation survey, 100% of participants reported they felt confident enough to attend to a real-life ECPR event and that the study exercise had a positive impact on teamwork, communication, and assessment skills. The cannulation model, clinical scenario, and procedural simulation were all reported to be adequately realistic by every participant (100%). These survey results are summarized in Table 3.

Table 3.

Post-simulation improvement and realism assessment.

Parameters	Post-simulation survey response mean (SD)	Post-simulation survey response ≥3 N (%)
Positive impact on your future practice	4.59 (0.628)	29 (100)
Positive impact on teamwork skills	4.66 (0.614)	29 (100)
Improvement in communication skills	4.62 (0.622)	29 (100)
Improvement in patient assessment skills	4.41 (0.733)	29 (100)
Improvement in a specific technique related to your scope of practice	4.55 (0.632)	29 (100)
Confident enough to participate in future real-life scenario	4.59 (0.628)	29 (100)
Manikin realism	4.52 (0.688)	29 (100)
Realism of clinical scenario and simulation	4.59 (0.628)	29 (100)
Realism of roles and procedure you performed	4.28 (0.702)	29 (100)

Discussion

Our pilot study introduces the preliminary benefits of a simulated ECPR training environment to develop the confidence and coordination of pediatric intensive care team members. Overall, participants subjectively reported significant improvement in assessment and management of patients in need of ECPR as well as increasing confidence levels during emergent cannulation and resuscitation. We believe that this simulation exercise shows feasibility in improving elements of crisis resource management by teaching situational awareness and provider communication.

Existing literature discussing ECPR simulation is quite limited. Most studies largely consist of investigations into adult resuscitation training,^21–24 while those examining pediatric ECPR are scarce.^25–27 Briefly, ECPR simulation has been associated with decreased time to cannulation and full ECMO flow, both of which are invaluable prognostic benchmarks.²⁸ However, to date, no studies examine the attitudes and reactions of the non-surgical intensive care providers following focused ECPR simulation.

The ECPR workflow, from initial identification of arrest to initiation of full support, necessitates all involved providers to not only be confident in their own scopes of practice, but also in the competencies of those around them. As such, the cannulating surgeons must be assured that the pediatric intensivist, advanced practice providers, critical care nursing staff, respiratory therapist and other staff can administer critical medications, perform effective CPR, and deliver stable ventilatory support throughout the entire resuscitation event in order to maximize patients’ chances for survival. We demonstrate that this level of both self- and situational confidence can be nearly doubled through simulation training, especially in a heterogenous group with varying years of experience, training backgrounds, and previous exposure to ECMO.

A notable drawback to existing simulation programs is the lack of a standardized ECPR curriculum across ECMO centers. Particularly in pediatrics, allocating simulation resources for this type of ‘rare’ event would have been difficult to accomplish two or three decades ago, however this paradigm shifted when ECPR was initially incorporated into the formal PALS guidelines in 2005 and reiterated in each subsequent focused update.^29–31 To further this point, Sawyer et al.’s report quantified the use of ECPR in pediatric cardiac arrest to be over 25% from 2014–2016.³²

Even more recently, a survey of 40 hospitals with non-cardiac ECPR programs reported an average of approximately six activations per year, though dedicated simulation programs were identified in only 55% of centers.³³ This disparity is likely to increase even more if both cardiac and non-cardiac programs were to be examined. Thus, a concerted and standardized approach to educating and training both surgical and non-surgical intensive care providers is undoubtedly warranted. Our findings exemplify a feasible method of assuring independent provider confidence and awareness. It is our hope that these skills serve as a foundation for cohesive CRM, should these participants be involved in a true ECPR encounter in the future.

Limitations

The primary limitation of this study is the small participant sample size. As this investigation was intended to be a pilot study, it is our hope that the encouraging results will incite future large-scale simulation studies both at our institution and others across the nation. Additionally some may identify omission of cannulation and other procedural data as a limitation. However as previously discussed, the intent of our study was to specifically to focus on perspectives of the non-cannulating ICU team, as these providers are pivotal in ensuring ongoing patient resuscitation before, during and after cannulation events. Future studies may warrant integration of surgeon feedback in order to assess the realism of the cannulation process. Finally, we acknowledge the inherent limitations of subjectively data derived from participant perception. Now that we have established data from this small pilot study, we hope to construct upcoming studies using objective scoring rubrics completed by masked reviewers.

Conclusions

This pilot study demonstrated preliminary feasibility of pediatric ECPR simulation in improving situational confidence of intensive care team providers. Future investigations with more objective measures of CRM-related skills may help identify further provider knowledge gaps in optimizing workflow within the ECPR process.

Supplemental Material

Supplemental Material - Implications of pediatric extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation simulation for intensive care team confidence and coordination: A pilot study

Supplemental Material for Implications of pediatric extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation simulation for intensive care team confidence and coordination: A pilot study by Toluwani Akinpelu, Nikhil R Shah, Karen Weaver, Nicole Muller, James McElroy and Utpal S Bhalala in Perfusion

Supplemental Material

Supplemental Material - Implications of pediatric extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation simulation for intensive care team confidence and coordination: A pilot study

Footnotes

Author note

Meeting Presentation: The abstract was presented as a podium presentation at the 2023 Critical Care Congress in San Francisco, CA. (January 21-24, 2023)

Declaration of conflicting interests

The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Funding

The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

ORCID iD

Nikhil R Shah

Supplemental Material

Supplemental material for this article is available online.

References

Rossano

Naim

Nadkarni

, et al. Epidemiology of pediatric cardiac arrest. In: Da Cruz

Ivy

Jaggers

(eds). Pediatric and congenital cardiology, cardiac surgery and intensive care. London: Springer London, 2014: 1275–1287.

Chen

Lin

, et al. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation with assisted extracorporeal life-support versus conventional cardiopulmonary resuscitation in adults with in-hospital cardiac arrest: an observational study and propensity analysis. Lancet 2008; 372: 554–561.

Shin

Choi

, et al. Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation in patients with inhospital cardiac arrest: a comparison with conventional cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Crit Care Med 2011; 39: 1–7.

Maekawa

Tanno

Hase

, et al. Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation for patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest of cardiac origin: a propensity-matched study and predictor analysis. Crit Care Med 2013; 41: 1186–1196.

Sakamoto

Morimura

Nagao

, et al. Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation versus conventional cardiopulmonary resuscitation in adults with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a prospective observational study. Resuscitation 2014; 85: 762–768.

Alsoufi

Al-Radi

Nazer

, et al. Survival outcomes after rescue extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation in pediatric patients with refractory cardiac arrest. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2007; 134: 952–959.

Thiagarajan

Laussen

Rycus

, et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation to aid cardiopulmonary resuscitation in infants and children. Circulation 2007; 116: 1693–1700.

Chan

Krumholz

Nichol

, et al. American heart association national registry of cardiopulmonary resuscitation investigators. Delayed time to defibrillation after in-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 2008; 358: 9–17.

Prodhan

Fiser

Dyamenahalli

, et al. Outcomes after extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR) following refractory pediatric cardiac arrest in the intensive care unit. Resuscitation 2009; 80: 1124–1129.

10.

Lei

Palm

. Crisis resource management training in medical simulation. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing, 2023.

11.

Burden

. High-fidelity simulation education and crisis resource management. Anesthesiol Clin 2020; 38(4): 745–759. DOI: 10.1016/j.anclin.2020.08.006.

12.

Rajendram

Notario

Reid

, et al. Crisis resource management and high-performing teams in hyperacute stroke care. Neurocritical Care 2020; 33(2): 338–346.

13.

Walczak

Lawson

Kaemmer

, et al. Evaluation of a preprimed microporous hollow-fiber membrane for rapid response neonatal extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Perfusion 2005; 20: 269–275.

14.

Maclaren

Conrad

Dalton

. Extracorporeal life support. In: Nichols

Shaffner

(eds). Rogers’ Textbook of pediatric intensive care. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluver, 2016: 581–599.

15.

Anderson

Murphy

Boyle

, et al. Simulating extracorporeal membrane oxygenation emergencies to improve human performance. Part II: assessment of technical and behavioral skills. Simulat Health 2006; 1(4): 228–232.

16.

Alinier

. Cost-effective extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Cardiac Crit Care TSS 2018; 2(01): 005–009.

17.

INACSL Standards Committee Watts

McDermott

Alinier

, et al. Healthcare simulation standards of best practice^TM simulation design. Clin Simul Nurs 2021; 58: 14. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecns.2021.08.009.

18.

INACSL Standards Committee Miller

Deckers

Jones

, et al. Healthcare simulation standards of best practice^TM outcomes and objectives. Clin Simul Nurs 2021; 58: 40. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecns.2021.08.013.

19.

Simon

Raemer

Rudolph

. Debriefing assessment for simulation in healthcare (DASH)© – rater version, short form. Boston, MA: Center for Medical Simulation, 2011. https://harvardmedsim.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/DASH.RV.ShortScoresheet.2011.pdf

20.

Akinpelu

Shah

Alhendy

, et al. Emergent Bedside Re-sternotomy: an innovative simulation model for training pediatric cardiac intensive care teams. J Pediatr Intensive Care. 2022. DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1758453.

21.

Whitmore

Gunnerson

Haft

, et al. Simulation training enables emergency medicine providers to rapidly and safely initiate extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR) in a simulated cardiac arrest scenario. Resuscitation 2019; 138: 68–73.

22.

Read

Morgan

Reynolds

, et al. The effect of a structured ECPR protocol aided by specific simulation training in a quaternary ECMO centre: a retrospective pre-post study. Resusc Plus 2022; 10(January): 100234.

23.

Sip

Puslecki

Dabrowski

, et al. Extended cardiopulmonary resuscitation: from high fidelity simulation scenario to the first clinical applications in Poznan out-of-hospital cardiac arrest program. Perfusion 2022; 37(1): 46–55.

24.

Grunau

Carrier

Bashir

, et al. A comprehensive regional clinical and educational ECPR protocol decreases time to ECMO in patients with refractory out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. CJEM 2017; 19(6): 424–433.

25.

Peer

Bukhari

Desai

, et al. Compression device-assisted extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation cannulation in pediatric patients-a simulation study. World J Pediatr Congenit Heart Surg 2022; 13(3): 379–382.

26.

Sawyer

Burke

McMullan

, et al. Impacts of a pediatric extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ecpr) simulation training program. Acad Pediatr 2019; 19(5): 566–571.

27.

Nater

Nelson-McMillan

Elzein

, et al. Development of pediatric multidisciplinary extracorporeal membrane oxygenation simulations: a novel educational program to enhance team communication and emergency preparedness. Perfusion 2022; 38: 1142. DOI: 10.1177/02676591221105408.

28.

Zakhary

Shekar

Diaz

, et al. Position paper on global extracorporeal membrane oxygenation education and educational agenda for the future: a statement from the extracorporeal life support organization ECMOed taskforce. Crit Care Med 2020; 48(3): 406–414.

29.

Atkins

de Caen

Berger

, et al. 2017 American heart association focused update on pediatric basic life support and cardiopulmonary resuscitation quality: an update to the American heart association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Circulation. 2018;137(1):e1-e6.

30.

Duff

Topjian

Berg

, et al. American heart association focused update on pediatric basic life support: an update to the american heart association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Circulation. 2019;140(24):e915-e921.

31.

Topjian

Raymond

Atkins

, et al. Part 4: pediatric basic and advanced life support: 2020 American heart association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Circulation 2020; 142(16_suppl_2): S469–S523.

32.

Sawyer

. Simulation training in extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR). Acad Pediatr 2021; 21(3): 438–439.

33.

Rice-Townsend

Brogan

DiGeronimo

, et al. Characteristics of pediatric non-cardiac eCPR programs in United States and Canadian hospitals: a cross-sectional survey. J Pediatr Surg 2022; 57(12): 892–895.

Supplementary Material

Please find the following supplemental material available below.

For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.

For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.

0.00 MB

0.01 MB