European Community audiovisual policy, and particularly public service broadcasting (PSB), exhibit tensions between different types of policy objectives: the social, political and cultural on the one hand and economic on the other. Thus, while the Community recognizes the importance of PSB as a public good (i.e. non-individualized goods or benefits, which are for the benefit of, and enjoyed by, the community), which has democratic potential, it also subjects any state funding for PSB to the limitation that `such funding does not affect trading conditions and competition in the Community to an extent which would be contrary to the common interest'. This article aims to identify the Community view of PSB as necessitated by its perceived role in society and juxtapose those requirements against the operation of Community competition policy.
Bartosch, Andreas
(1999) `The Financing of Public Broadcasting and EC State Aid Law: An Interim Balance', European Competition Law Review4: 197-204.
2.
Briggs, Asa
(1961) The Birth of Broadcasting: The History of Broadcasting in the United Kingdom. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
3.
Broadcasting Research Unit
(1985) The Public Service Idea in British Broadcasting. London: BRU.
4.
Collins, Richard
(1994) `Unity in Diversity? The European Single Market in Broadcasting and the Audio-Visual, 1982-92', Journal of Common Market Studies32(1): 89-102.
5.
Council
(1999a) `Resolution of the Council and Representatives of Governments of the Member States Concerning Public Service Broadcasting', OJ [1999] C 0/30.
6.
Council
(1999b) `Resolution of the Council and Representatives of the Governments of the Member States Concerning PSB', OJ [1999] C 30/1.
7.
Council
(2001) Minutes of Council Meeting on Culture, 21 June.
8.
Council of Europe
(1996) `Recommendation of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on the Guarantee of the Independence of Public Service Broadcasting', R (96) 10.
9.
Court of First Instance (1998) `Vlaamse Gewest v. Commission' (Case T-214/95) ECR II- 717.
10.
Dayan, Daniel
and Elihu Katz (1992) Media Events. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
11.
Dahlgren, Peter
(1995) Television and the Public Sphere. London: Sage.
12.
European Commission
(1996a) `XXVIth Report on Competition Policy'.
13.
European Commission
(1996b) `Communication on Services of General Interest in Europe', OJ [1996] C 281/3.
14.
European Commission
(1997a) `State Aid N 141/95 - Portugal', OJ C-67/10.
15.
European Commission
(1997b) `CLT/Disney/SuperRTL', Case IV/M.566 Decision 17th May.
16.
European Commission
(1997c) `Société française de production', (97/238/EC) OJ L 95/19.
17.
European Commission
(1998a) High Level Group on Audio-Visual Policy, `The Role of Public Authorities in the Media', Ch. 3, October 1998, para 3, OJ [1999] C 0/30.
18.
European Commission
(1998b) `State Aid Case No. 03/98 - France', (Film) IP/98/515.
19.
European Commission (1998c) `State Aid Case No. 486/97 - Netherlands', IP/98/1028.
20.
European Commission
(1998d) `XXVIIIth Report on Competition Policy'.
21.
European Commission (1999a) `State Aid Case No. 70/98 - Germany', OJ C238/03.
22.
European Commission (1999b) `State Aid No. 88/98 - United Kingdom', Decision 14 December.
23.
European Commission (1999c) `State Aid Case No. 04/98 - Germany', Decision 14 June.
24.
European Commission
(1999d) `Italy', IP/99/532, 20 July 1999.
25.
European Commission
(1999e) `France', (TV) IP/99/81, 3 February 1999; IP/99/531, 20 July 1999.
26.
European Commission
(2000) Bull EU 1/2, pt 1.3.90.
27.
European Court of Justice (1974a) `Sacchi' (Case 155/73) ECR 409.
28.
European Court of Justice (1974b) `Belgische Radio et Televisie et al. v. SABAM et al.' (Case 127/73) ECR 51.
29.
European Court of Justice (1980) `Phillip Morris v. Commission' (Case 730/79) ECR 2671.
30.
European Court of Justice (1985) `Leclerc Books' (Case 229/83) ECR 1.
31.
European Court of Justice (1986) `Nouvelles Frontières' (Cases 209-213/84)3 CMLR 173.
32.
European Court of Justice (1991) `ERT' (Case C-260/89) ECR I-5941.
33.
European Court of Justice (1993) `Corbeau' (Case C-320/91) ECR I-2533.
34.
European Court of Justice (1994) `Almelo' (Case C-393/92) ECR I-1477.
35.
European Court of Justice (1997a) `Commission v. Netherlands' (Case C-157/94) ECR I-5699.
36.
European Court of Justice (1997b) `Commission v. Italy' (Case C-158/94) ECR I-5789.
37.
European Court of Justice (1997c) `Commission v. France' (Case C-159/84)ECR I-5815.
38.
European Court of Justice (1997d) `Commission v. Spain' (Case C-160/94) ECR I-5851.
39.
European Court of Justice (1998) `Chemische Afvalstoffen Dusseldorp v. Minister van Vokshuisvesting Ruimtelijke Ordening en Milieubeheer' (Case C-203/96) ECR I-4075.
40.
European Court of Justice (1999) `Déménagements-Manutention Transport SA' (Case C-256/97) ECR I-3913.
41.
European Parliament
(1996a) `Motion for a Resolution on the Future of Public Service Television in a Multi-Channel Digital Age', Committee on Culture, Youth, Education and the Media, 11 July, A4-0243/96.
42.
European Parliament
(1996b) `Resolution on the Role of Public Service Television in a Multi-Media Society', 19 September, A4-0243/96.
43.
Geertz, Clifford
(1973) `A Thick Description: Toward an Interpretative Theory of Culture', pp. 3-10 in The Interpretation of Cultures. New York: Basic Books.
44.
Graham, Andrew
, Christian Kobaldt, Sarah Hogg, Bill Robinson, David Currie, Martin Siner, Graham Mather, Julian LeGrand, Bill New and Ian Corfield (1999) Public Purposes in Broadcasting. Luton: University of Luton Press.
45.
Habermas, Jurgen
(1989) Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere. Cambridge: Polity Press.
46.
Hall, Stuart
(1980) `Encoding/Decoding', in Stuart Hall, Dorothy Hobson, Andrew Lowe and Paul Willis (eds) Culture, Media, Language. London: Hutchinson.
47.
Harrison, Jackie
(2000) Terrestrial Television News in Britain: The Culture of Production. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
48.
Harrison, Jackie
and Lorna Woods (2000) `European Citizenship: Can Audio-Visual Policy Make a Difference?', Journal of Common Market Studies38(3): 471-494.
49.
McManus, John
(1994) Market-Driven Journalism: Let the Citizen Beware. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
50.
McNair, Brian
(1994) News and Journalism in the UK. London: Routledge.
51.
Marwick, Arthur
(1991) Culture in Britain Since 1945. London: Blackwell.
52.
Mitchell, Jeremy
(1998) `New Audiovisual and Information Services and the Protection of Children: The European Dimension', Journal of Consumer Policy21: 3-44.
53.
Postman, Neil
(1989) Amusing Ourselves to Death. London: Methuen.
54.
Ross, Malcolm
(2000) `State Aids and National Courts: Definitions and Other Problems - A Case of Premature Emancipation?', Common Market Law Review37: 401-423.
55.
Schlesinger, Philip
(1995) `Europeanisation and the Media: National Identity and the Public Sphere', Working Paper No. 7, Arena.
56.
Shore, Chris
and Susan Wright (eds) (1997) Anthropology of Policy. London: Routledge.
57.
Stevenson, Nick
(1995) Culture, Ideology and Socialism. Aldershot: Avebury.
58.
Thompson, John
(1990) Ideology and Modern Culture. Cambridge: Polity Press.
59.
Tracey, Michael
(1998) The Decline and Fall of Public Service Broadcasting. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
