The single-phase body-centered cubic TiZrNb0.5V0.5 lightweight refractory high entropy alloy exhibits good plasticity but poor strength. Therefore, C is added to this alloy to enhance its strength and improve its mechanical properties in this paper. The influence of varying C content on the microstructure, phase composition, and mechanical behavior of TiZrNb0.5V0.5Cx RHEAs is investigated in detail. The results indicate that C addition leads to the dissolution of alloying dendrites and induces the formation of the FCC – MC carbides phase. The carbide volume fraction increases in proportion to the carbon content, thereby enhancing the alloy's yield strength and hardness. The yield strength increases by 36%, while the hardness increases by 39%. The physical parameters of the alloy are analyzed, which reveals that the introduction of C increases the alloy's electronegativity and atomic radius difference, thus promoting the formation of carbides.
JiaoWLiTChangX, et al.A novel Co-free Al0.75CrFeNi eutectic high entropy alloy with superior mechanical properties. J Alloys Compd2022; 902: 163814.
2.
SenkovONMiracleDBChaputKJ, et al.Development and exploration of refractory high entropy alloys—a review. J Mater Res2018; 33: 3092–3128.
3.
WangMLZhangGJCuiHZ, et al.Effect of plasma remelting on microstructure and properties of a CoCrCuNiAl0.5 high-entropy alloy prepared by spark plasma sintering. J Mater Sci2021; 56: 5878–5898.
4.
LiWXieDLiD, et al.Mechanical behavior of high-entropy alloys. Prog Mater Sci2021; 118: 100777.
5.
LeeCHMarescaFFengR, et al.Strength can be controlled by edge dislocations in refractory high-entropy alloys. Nat Commun2021; 12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-25807-w.
6.
WuYQLiawPKLiRX, et al.Relationship between the unique microstructures and behaviors of high-entropy alloys. Int J Miner Metall Mater2024; 31: 1350–1363.
7.
TianYSZhouWZTanQB, et al.A review of refractory high-entropy alloys. Trans Nonferrous Met Soc China2022; 32: 3487–3515.
8.
ChenBZhuoL. Latest progress on refractory high entropy alloys: composition, fabrication, post processing, performance, simulation and prospect. Int J Refract Met Hard Mater2023; 110: 105993.
9.
MarescaFCurtinWA. Mechanistic origin of high strength in refractory bcc high entropy alloys up to 1900k. Acta Mater2020; 182: 235–249.
10.
GuoNNWangLLuoLS, et al.Hot deformation characteristics and dynamic recrystallization of the MoNbHfZrTi refractory high-entropy alloy. Mater Sci Eng A-Struct Mater Prop Microstruct Process2016; 651: 698–707.
11.
SenkovONScottJMSenkovaSV, et al.Microstructure and room temperature properties of a high-entropy tanbhfzrti alloy. J Alloy Compd2011; 509: 6043–6048.
12.
BhardwajVZhouQZhangF, et al.Effect of al addition on the microstructure, mechanical and wear properties of TiZrNbHf refractory high entropy alloys. Tribol Int2021; 160: 107031.
13.
SenkovONRaoSChaputKJ, et al.Compositional effect on microstructure and properties of NbTiZr-based complex concentrated alloys. Acta Mater2018; 151: 201–215.
14.
ChenYXuZWangM, et al.A single-phase v0.5nb0.5zrti refractory high-entropy alloy with outstanding tensile properties. Mater Sci Eng: A2020; 792: 139774.
15.
ZhuPYuYZhangC, et al.V0.5Nb0.5ZrTi refractory high-entropy alloy fabricated by laser addictive manufacturing using elemental powders. Int J Refract Met Hard Mat2023; 113: 106220.
16.
SrimarkKDasariSSharmaA, et al.Hierarchical phase evolution in a lamellar Al0.7CoCrFeNi high entropy alloy involving competing metastable and stable phases. Scr Mater2021; 204: 114237.
17.
WangMLLuYPWangTM, et al.A novel bulk eutectic high-entropy alloy with outstanding as-cast specific yield strengths at elevated temperatures. Scr Mater2021; 204: 114232.
18.
HuXDingHLiuJ. Deformation behaviors and microstructure evolution of a novel multiphase medium mn high al lightweight steels with excellent strength-ductility combinations. Mater Sci Eng A2023; 883: 145478.
19.
WangMLLuYPLanJG, et al.Lightweight, ultrastrong and high thermal-stable eutectic high-entropy alloys for elevated-temperature applications. Acta Mater2023; 248: 118806.
20.
HeJYLiuWHWangH, et al.Effects of al addition on structural evolution and tensile properties of the FeCoNiCrMn high-entropy alloy system. Acta Mater2014; 62: 105–113.
21.
WuZParishCMBeiH. Nano-twin mediated plasticity in carbon-containing FeNiCoCrMn high entropy alloys. J Alloys Compd2015; 647: 815–822.
22.
StepanovNDShaysultanovDGChernichenkoRS, et al.Effect of thermomechanical processing on microstructure and mechanical properties of the carbon-containing CoCrFeNiMn high entropy alloy. J Alloys Compd2017; 693: 394–405.
23.
XuFGaoXLiuE, et al.Microstructure and mechanical properties of lightweight (AlNbTiVCr)100-xCx high entropy alloys by carbide strengthening. Mater Lett2022; 325: 132885.
24.
BaiLWangYYanY, et al.Effect of carbon on microstructure and mechanical properties of Fe36Mn36Ni9Cr9Al10 high-entropy alloys. Mater Sci Technol2020; 36: 1851–1860.
25.
WangZBakerICaiZ, et al.The effect of interstitial carbon on the mechanical properties and dislocation substructure evolution in Fe40.4Ni11.3Mn34.8Al7.5Cr6 high entropy alloys. Acta Mater2016; 120: 228–239.
26.
WeiQQLuoGQZhangJ, et al.Designing high entropy alloy-ceramic eutectic composites of MoNbRe0.5TaW(TiC)x with high compressive strength. J Alloys Compd2020; 818: 152846.
27.
ZhuJMFuHMZhangHF, et al.Microstructure and compressive properties of multiprincipal component AlCoCrFeNiCx alloys. J Alloys Compd2011; 509: 3476–3480.
28.
ChenJYaoZHWangXB, et al.Effect of C content on microstructure and tensile properties of as-cast CoCrFeMnNi high entropy alloy. Mater Chem Phys2018; 210: 136–145.
29.
ZhangLJYuPFFanJT, et al.Investigating the micro and nanomechanical properties of CoCrFeNi-cx high-entropy alloys containing eutectic carbides. Mater Sci Eng A2020; 796: 140065.
30.
AstafurovaEGReunovaKAMelnikovEV, et al.On the difference in carbon-and nitrogen-alloying of equiatomic FeMnCrNiCo high-entropy alloy. Mater Lett2020; 276: 128183.
31.
LeeKJungYHanJ, et al.Development of precipitation-strengthened Al0.8NbTiVM (M = co, Ni) light-weight refractory high-entropy alloys, Materials2021; 14: 2085.
32.
LiuXWBaiZCDingXF, et al.A novel light-weight refractory high-entropy alloy with high specific strength and intrinsic deformability. Mater Lett2021; 287: 129255.
33.
XuJLWangTLuYF, et al.Research on high specific strength as-cast AlxNbTiVZr high entropy alloys. Mater Sci Technol2020; 36: 1762–1770.
34.
JiangWTWangXHKangHJ, et al.Microstructure and mechanical properties of AlNbTiVZr system refractory high entropy alloys. J Alloys Compd2022; 925: 166767.
35.
YurchenkoNYStepanovNDShaysultanovDG, et al.Effect of Al content on structure and mechanical properties of the AlxCrNbTiVZr (x=0; 0.25; 0.5; 1) high-entropy alloys. Mater Charact2016; 121: 125–134.
36.
SenkovONSenkovaSVMiracleDB, et al.Mechanical properties of low-density, refractory multi-principal element alloys of the Cr–Nb–Ti–V–Zr system. Mater Sci Eng A2013; 565: 51–62.
37.
HuangTDWuSYJiangH, et al.Effect of Ti content on microstructure and properties of TixZrVNb refractory high-entropy alloys. Int J Miner Metall Mater2020; 27: 1318–1325.
38.
XiaoYKPengXH. Design of lightweight Ti3Zr1.5NbVx refractory high- entropy alloys with superior mechanical properties. J Mater Res Technol-JMRT2023; 27: 330–341.
39.
QinGXueWChenR, et al.Grain refinement and fcc phase formation in alcocrfeni high entropy alloys by the addition of carbon. Materialia2019; 6: 100259.
40.
YurchenkoNYPaninaESZherebtsovSV, et al.Microstructure evolution of a novel low-density Ti–Cr–Nb–V refractory high entropy alloy during cold rolling and subsequent annealing. Mater Charact2019; 158: 109980.
41.
XuZQMaZLWangM, et al.Design of novel low-density refractory high entropy alloys for high-temperature applications. Mater Sci Eng A2019; 755: 318–322.
42.
PeiXHDuYWangHM, et al.Investigation of high temperature tribological performance of TiZrV0.5Nb0.5 refractory high-entropy alloy optimized by Si microalloying. Tribol Int2022; 176: 107885.
43.
TaoSTJiangWZhangW, et al.Microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of NbHfTiVCx novel refractory high entropy alloys with variable carbon content. J Alloys Compd2022; 928: 166986.
44.
GuoSLiuCT. Phase stability in high entropy alloys: formation of solid-solution phase or amorphous phase. Prog Nat Sci2011; 21: 433–446.
45.
YurchenkoNStepanovNSalishchevG. Laves-phase formation criterion for high-entropy alloys. Mater Sci Technol2017; 33: 17–22.
46.
TakeuchiAInoueA. Classification of bulk metallic glasses by atomic size difference, heat of mixing and period of constituent elements and its application to characterization of the main alloying element. Mater Trans2005; 46: 2817–2829.
47.
WeiQQXuXDShenQ, et al.Metal-carbide eutectics with multiprincipal elements make superrefractory alloys. Sci Adv2022; 8. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abo2068.
48.
WangQChenRRGongX, et al.Microstructure, mechanical properties, and crack propagation behavior in high-nb TiAl alloys by directional solidification. Metall Mater Trans A2018; 49: 4555–4564.
49.
YangXZhangY. Prediction of high-entropy stabilized solid-solution in multi-component alloys. Mater Chem Phys2012; 132: 233–238.
50.
ZhangKFuZ. Effects of annealing treatment on phase composition and microstructure of cocrfenitialx high-entropy alloys. Intermetallics2012; 22: 24–32.
51.
AllenLC. Electronegativity is the average one-electron energy of the valence-shell electrons in ground-state free atoms. J Am Chem Soc1989; 111: 9003–9014.
52.
GuoSNgCLuJ, et al.Effect of valence electron concentration on stability of fcc or bcc phase in high entropy alloys. J Appl Phys2011; 109: 103505.
53.
ChenRQinGZhengH, et al.Composition design of high entropy alloys using the valence electron concentration to balance strength and ductility. Acta Mater2018; 144: 129–137.
54.
XuQChenDZTanCY, et al.NbMoTiVSix refractory high entropy alloys strengthened by forming BCC phase and silicide eutectic structure. J Mater Sci Technol2021; 60: –7.
55.
ChungKSLuanJHShekCH. Strengthening and deformation mechanism of interstitially N and C doped FeCrCoNi high entropy alloy. J Alloys Compd2022; 904: 164118.
56.
GuoLOuXQNiS, et al.Effects of carbon on the microstructures and mechanical properties of FeCoCrNiMn high entropy alloys. Mater Sci Eng A2019; 746: 356–362.
57.
FanJTZhangLJYuPF, et al.Improved the microstructure and mechanical properties of AlFeCoNi high-entropy alloy by carbon addition. Mater Sci Eng A2018; 728: 30–39.
58.
StepanovNDYurchenkoNYTikhonovskyMA, et al.Effect of carbon content and annealing on structure and hardness of the CoCrFeNiMn-based high entropy alloys. J Alloys Compd2016; 687: 59–71.
59.
MiracleDBSenkovON. A critical review of high entropy alloys and related concepts. Acta Mater2017; 122: 448–511.
60.
WangZFangQHLiJ, et al.Effect of lattice distortion on solid solution strengthening of bcc high-entropy alloys. J Mater Sci Technol2018; 34: 349–354.
