This paper explores the technological evolution of libraries from Library 1.0 to Library 5.0 between 1990 and 2025, emphasizing how these shifts have transformed not only user engagement but also the structure and functioning of knowledge repositories. Over successive generations, repositories have evolved from static, hierarchical collections to dynamic, interoperable systems. Metadata standards have improved to support semantic interoperability, and linked data practices have enabled cross-platform integration and contextual discovery. User-generated content and AI-driven analytics now enhance curation, retrieval, and personalization. Library 1.0 (1990–2005) featured basic digitization with manual cataloging. Library 2.0 (2006–2010) introduced Web 2.0 technologies for participatory access. Library 3.0 (2011–2015) brought mobile access, cloud computing, and metadata enhancements. Library 4.0 (2016–2020) leveraged AI and data analytics for intelligent systems. Library 5.0 (2021–2025) integrates blockchain, IoT, and immersive technologies to create decentralized, secure, and ethically aware information ecosystems. This study adopts a qualitative, literature-based research design using thematic and chronological analysis to trace this progression and evaluate its implications for the future of knowledge repositories.
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