This paper describes the content analysis undertaken as part of the Cambridge- TOEFL comparability study, the purpose of which is to examine the compara bility of two EFL test batteries.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Actfl, 1986: ACTFL proficiency guidelines. New York: American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages.
2.
Associated Examining Board, 1984: Test in English for educational purposes (TEEP). Aldershot : Author.
3.
Alderson, J.C. and Urquhart, A.H.1985: This test is unfair: I'm not an economist. In Hauptman, C.P., LeBlanc R. and Wesche, M.B., editors, Second language performance testing, Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press.
4.
Allen, P., Cummins, J., Mougeon, R. and Swain, M.1983: Development of bilingual proficiency: second year report . Toronto: The Ontario Institute for Studies in Education.
5.
Andersen, E.S. and Johnson, C.E.1977: Modifications in the speech of an eight year old child to younger children. Stanford OccasionalPapers in Linguistics3, 149-60.
6.
Bachman, L.F. (in press): Fundamental considerations in language testing. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
7.
Bachman, L.F. and Clark, J.L.D.1987: The measurement of foreign/second language proficiency . Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science490, 20-33.
8.
Bachman, L.F. and Palmer, A.S.1981. The construct validation of the FSI oral interview. Language Learning31 (1), 67-86.
9.
— 1982a: A scoring format for rating components of communicative proficiency in speaking. Paper presented at the Pre-conference on Oral Proficiency Assessment, Georgetown University.
10.
— 1982b: The construct validation of some components of communicative proficiency. TESOL Quarterly16 (4), 449-65.
11.
Bejar, I.I., Stabler, E.P. and Camp, R.1987: Syntactic complexity and psychometric difficulty: a preliminary investigation. Research Report. Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service.
12.
Canale, M. and Swain, M.1980. Theoretical bases of communicative approaches to second language teaching and testing. Applied Linguistics1 (1), 1-47.
13.
Chen, Z. and Henning, G.1985: Linguistic and cultural bias in language proficiency tests . Language Testing2155-63.
14.
Clark, J.L.D. and Swinton, S.1980: The test of spoken English as a Mesure of Communicative Ability in English-Medium Instructional Settings. Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service.
15.
Clifford, R.T.1978: Reliability and validity of language aspects contributing to oral proficiency of prospective teachers of German. In Clark, J.L.D., editor, Direct testing of speaking proficiency: theory and application. Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service.
16.
— 1981: Convergent and discriminant validation of integrated and unitary language skills: the need for a research model. In Palmer, A.S., Groot, P.J.M. and Trosper, G.A., editors, The construct validation of tests of communicative competence. Washington, DC: Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages.
17.
Cohen, A.D.1984: On taking tests: what the students report. Language Testing1: 70-81.
Condon, E.C.1975. The cultural context of language testing. In Palmer, L. and Spolsky, B. , editors, Papers on language testing 1967-1974, Washington, DC: Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages.
20.
Criper, C. and Davies, A.1988: Edinburgh EL TS validation report. London: The British Council.
21.
Cronbach, L.J.1971: Validity. In Thorndike, R.L., editor, Educational measurement, second edition. Washington, D.C.: American Council on Education.
22.
Cummins, J.P.1980: The cross-lingual dimensions of language proficiency: implications for bilingual education and the optimal age question. TESOL Quarterly14, 175-87.
23.
Dickson, P., Boyce C., Lee, B., Portal, M. and Smith, M.1985: Foreign language performance in schools: Report on 1983 survey of French, German and Spanish. London: HMSO.
24.
— 1986: Foreign language performance in schools: report on 1984 survey of French. London: HMSO.
25.
Duran, R.P., Canale, M., Penfield, J., Stansfield, C.W. and Liskin-Gasparro, J.1985: TOEFL from a communicative viewpoint on language proficiency: a working paper. TOEFL Research Report 17. Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service.
26.
Erickson, M. and Molly, J.1983: ESP test development for engineering students. In Oller, J.W., editor, Issues in language testing research. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
27.
Halliday, M.A.K. and Hasan, R.1976. Cohesion in English. London: Longman.
28.
Harley, B., Allen, P., Cummins, J. and Swain, M.The development of bilingual proficiency: final report. Toronto: Modern Language Centre, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education.
29.
Hunt, K.W.1970: Syntactic maturity in school children and adults. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development53, 1.
30.
Hymes, D.1972: On communicative competence. In Pride, J.B. and Holmes, J., editors, Sociolinguistics, Harmondsworth: Penguin.
31.
— 1982: Toward linguistic competence. Philadelphia : Graduate School of Education, University of Pennsylvania . (Mimeo).
32.
Ingram, D.E.1981: The Australian second language proficiency ratings. In Read, J.A.S., editor, Directions in language testing, Singapore: SEAMEO Regional Language Centre.
33.
Liskin-Gasparro, J.1984: The ACTFL proficiency guidelines: a historical perspective . In Higgs, T.V., editor, Teaching for proficiency, the organizing principle. Lincolnwood, IL: National Textbook Company.
34.
Lowe, P.1980: Manual for LS oral interview workshops. Washington, DC: Defense Language Institute/Language School.
35.
Midland Examining Group, 1988: General Certificate of Secondary Education examinations syllabuses: German . Cambridge: Midlands Examining Group.
36.
Messick, S.A.1975: The standard problem: meaning and values in measurement and evaluation. American Psychologist30, 955-66.
37.
— 1981: Evidence and ethics in the evaluation of tests. Research Report 81-9. Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service.
38.
Morrow, K.1977: Techniques of evaluation for a notional syllabus. London: Royal Society of Arts.
39.
Munby, J.1978: Communicative syllabus design. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
40.
Ontario Ministry of Education, 1980. The Ontario assessment instrument pool. Toronto: Ontario Ministry of Education.
Powers, D.E. and Stansfield, C.W.1983: The test of spoken English as a measure of communicative ability in the health professions. Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service.
43.
Royal Society of Arts Examination Board, 1985 : The communicative use of English as a foreign language. Orpington, Kent: Royal Society of Arts Examination Board.
44.
Sang, F., Schmitz, B., Vollmer, H.J., Baumert, J. and Roeder, P.M.1986: Models of second language competence: a structural equation approach. Language Testing3, 54-79.
45.
Savignon, S.J.1983: Communicative competence: theory and classroom practice . Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
46.
Schrafnagl, J. and Cameron, D.1987: Institute of Linguists syllabus development project. London: The Institute of Linguists.
47.
Seaton, I.1983: The English Language Testing Service (ELTS): two issues in the design of the new 'non-academic module'. In Hughes, A. and Porter, D., editors, Current developments in language testing. London: Academic Press.
48.
Shohamy, E.1984: Does the testing method make a difference? The case of reading comprehension. Language Testing1, 147-70.
49.
Shohamy, E., Reves, T. and Bejarano, Y.1985: From testing research to educational policy: introducing a new comprehensive test of oral proficiency. In Kohonen, V., von Essen, H. and Klein-Braley, C., editors, Practice and problems in language testing 8, Papers from the Eighth International Symposium of the Interuniversitäre Sprachtestgruppe, November 1984, Tampere, Finland . Tampere: Finnish Association for Applied Linguistics.
50.
Stansfield, C.W., editor, 1986: Toward communicative competence testing: proceedings of the second TOEFL invitational conference. Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service.
51.
Swain, M.1985: Large-scale communicative language testing: a case study . In Lee, Y.P., Fok, A.C.Y.Y., Lord, R. and Low, G., editors, New directions in language testing, Oxford: Pergamon Press .
52.
University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate. 1987: Certificate of proficiency in English. Cambridge: Author.
53.
Vanniarajan, S.1987: Discourse adjustments to nonnative speakers in the university classroom. Unpublished M.A. thesis. University of Ottawa .
54.
Weissberg, R.C.1984: Given and new: paragraph development. Models from scientific English. TESOL Quarterly18 (3): 00-00.
55.
Wesche, M.1987: Second language performance testing: the Ontario Test of ESL as an example. Language Testing4, 28-47.
56.
Wesche, M., Canale, M., Cray, E., Jones, S., Mendelsohn, D., Tumpane, M. and Tyacke, M.1986: Ontario test of ESL: final report. Ottawa: Ontario Ministry of Colleges and Universities .
57.
Widdowson, H.G.1978: Teaching language as communication. Oxford: Oxford University Press.