Interpersonal Relationship Quality and Likelihood of Elder Mistreatment

Abstract

Elder mistreatment is a significant public health issue affecting a substantial number of older adults. However, little is known about how the quality of social relationships across different domains influences mistreatment risk over time. Guided by Socioemotional Selectivity Theory (SST)—which posits that older adults prioritize emotionally meaningful relationships and avoid negative social exchanges—this study examines whether perceived relationship quality with spouses/partners, family members, and friends predicts later experiences of elder mistreatment. Using longitudinal data from the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project (NSHAP), we analyzed a subsample of community-dwelling older adults (N = 796) who reported no mistreatment at wave 1 (2005–2006) and completed mistreatment items at wave 3 (2015–2016). Relationship quality at baseline was assessed using validated measures of support and strain across three relationship types. Logistic regression models were used to estimate associations between wave 1 relationship quality and wave 3 self-reported physical, psychological, and financial mistreatment, adjusting for demographic covariates. Findings indicate that strained interpersonal relationships—particularly with family members—significantly increased the likelihood of later mistreatment. Strained family ties were consistently associated with all mistreatment subtypes, while relationship quality with spouses/partners and friends showed weaker or nonsignificant associations. Supportive friendships were modestly protective in some models. These results reinforce the importance of considering relationship strain—especially within families—as a key risk factor for elder mistreatment. Interventions should include relational assessments and strengthen non-family support networks to mitigate risk and promote older adults’ safety and well-being.