Effect of preparation methods on morphology of active manganese dioxide and 2,4-dinitrophenol adsorption performance

Abstract

Herein active manganese dioxide was prepared by different methods using KMnO₄ and MnSO₄·H₂O as inorganic precursors. The impact of preparation methods on morphology and adsorption performance of the synthesized products was investigated. The experimental results show that the reaction temperature and pressure had a great effect on the morphology and adsorption performance of active manganese dioxide. The shape of active manganese dioxide prepared at room temperature and pressure was short rod-like while active manganese dioxide synthesized by hydrothermal method was mesoporous fibers and had better adsorption performance. The adsorption behavior of 2,4-dinitrophenol on mesoporous manganese dioxide was well described by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm equation (R²>0.99) and pseudo-second-order kinetic equation (R²>0.99), so the adsorption process maybe a chemical and monolayer adsorption. The pH of solution had significant effect on the adsorption performance of 2,4-dinitrophenol on mesoporous manganese dioxide. The adsorption capacity was 2.539 mg/g in the condition of pH = 7.

Keywords

Active manganese dioxide synthesis method morphology adsorption 2,4-dinitrophenol kinetics

Introduction

Manganese dioxide, for its well-known adsorption properties, catalytic activity and ion exchange ability capacity compared with other adsorbents, such as zeolite and activated carbon, has attracted more attention in environmental field application (Lisha et al., 2010; Liu et al., 2010). Moreover, owing to the high oxidation potential (E⁰ = 1.23 V), manganese oxide could participate in a wide range of chemical oxidation reactions (Cheng et al., 2017; Guo et al., 2017). Manganese dioxide has been widely researched as adsorbents and catalysts for environmental remediation purposes, such as organic dye (Ge and Qu, 2003), phenolic compounds (Wang et al., 2015; Zhang et al., 2011), heavy metal (Peng et al., 2015; Yu et al., 2015), humic acid (Davranche et al., 2008), and endocrine disrupting compounds (Rudder et al., 2004).

Manganese dioxide can be synthesized by physical and chemical methods such as ultrasonic process (Bastami and Entezari, 2012; Sun et al., 2011), chemical synthesis (Piumetti et al., 2015), solid-phase synthesis (Lee and Jung, 2012), hydrothermal method (Lu et al., 2012; Xu et al., 2013), sol–gel methods (Gupta et al., 2011; Yi et al., 2006), and supercritical technology (Nugroho and Kim, 2014). Studies of manganese oxide have indicated that the adsorption capacity of the manganese oxide is dependent on the preparation methods due to the variable manganese oxidation state. Previous studies have focused on preparation and characterization of manganese oxide by a single method or technique (Hu et al., 2016; Ryu et al., 2015; Samarghandi et al., 2015; Verma et al., 2016; Xu et al., 2015). However, the influence of preparation methods on surface morphology and adsorption properties of manganese oxide was neglected. It is still a great demand to investigate the relationship of preparation methods and adsorption properties of manganese oxide.

2,4-Dinitrophenol (DNP) is widely applied to production of organic synthesis (Mackedonski and Hadjiolov, 1970), then a great deal of DNP wastewater was produced in all above manufacturing process. DNP is strictly limited by every nation for discharges because of high toxicity, bad biodegradability, and environmental hormone activity. The ingestion of DNP causes harmful effects on human beings (Lu et al., 2011). Several treatment techniques for DNP wastewater have been reported and these include solid phase extraction (Luo et al., 2008), biochemical (Hirooka et al., 2006), chemical oxidation (Pillai and Gupta, 2015), and activated carbon absorption (Cao and Shiraishi, 2010; Carvajal-Bernal et al., 2015). Although these traditional treatments had mature application, they had many limitations, such as high cost, source waste, and second pollutions.

From the above-mentioned facts, active manganese dioxide (MnO₂) adsorbent was prepared using KMnO₄ and MnSO₄·H₂O as inorganic precursors under hydrothermal conditions and ambient pressure conditions, respectively. The structure and morphology of the obtained samples were systematically characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), and N₂ adsorption–desorption. The impact of preparation methods on structure, morphology, and adsorption performance of active manganese dioxide was investigated. The adsorption behavior of DNP on active manganese dioxide was studied. The effect of initial solution pH on adsorption performance was investigated, and possible mechanisms of adsorption were also discussed.

Materials and methods

Sample preparation

All reagents for synthesis active manganese dioxide were analytic grade, potassium permanganate (KMnO₄) (KeBang Chemical Products Co., Ltd., Tianjin, China; 99.99% purity), manganese sulfate (MnSO₄·H₂O) (KeBang Chemical Products Co., Ltd., Tianjin, China; 99.99% purity), DNP (Aladdin Industrial Corporation, Shanghai, China; 99.99% purity). All reagents without additional purification and deionized (DI) water were used in all processes.

Firstly, active manganese dioxide was prepared at ambient pressure (denoted as sample 1). 5.0708 g of MnSO₄·H₂O and 3.1598 g of KMnO₄ were dissolved in 60 mL DI water, respectively. Then KMnO₄ solution was gradually added into MnSO₄ solution under magnetic stirring. A dark brown precipitate formed immediately. After reaction, the precipitation was separated by filtration, washed with ethanol and DI water, and dried at 120°C for 12 h.

For comparison of the impact of preparation method on structure and adsorption performance of active manganese dioxide, active manganese dioxide was also synthesized by hydrothermal method (denoted as sample 2). Similarly, 5.0708 g of MnSO₄·H₂O and 3.1598 g of KMnO₄ were dissolved in 60 mL DI water, respectively. Then KMnO₄ solution was gradually added into MnSO₄ solution under magnetic stirring. The mixture was stirred for another 30 min, then was transferred to a 100 mL Teflon-lined autoclave (φ 50 mm × 100 mm, Senlong experimental apparatus Co., Ltd., Beijing, China) and heated at 100°C for 2 h. Active manganese dioxide was formed at high temperatures and pressures. After reaction, the precipitation was separated by filtration, washed with ethanol and DI water, and dried at 120°C for 12 h.

Sample characterization

Phase composition of active manganese dioxide was studied by XRD (Bruker D8 Focus, in 10–70° 2θ range with a step of 0.02° and a residence time of 0.5 s), diffraction pattern was analyzed using International Centre of Diffraction Data (ICDD, PDF4) in EVA (Bruker) software. The microstructure of active manganese dioxide was assessed by HR-TEM (JEM-2100F, JEOL, Japan). Quantachrome Nova Station A (Quantachrome, NOVA 2200e) was used to obtain N₂ adsorption–desorption isotherms at 77.3 K. The samples were out gassed at 300°C for 6 h before nitrogen adsorption. The pore-size distributions were calculated based on the Barrett–Joyner–Halenda (BJH) method. Specific surface areas were determined by the BET method (Monosorb Analyzer MS-13, Quanta Chrome, USA), using liquid N₂ as adsorbate.

pH value at the point of zero charge (pH_pzc) has important effects on adsorption capacity of mesoporous manganese dioxide and was determined by ζ potentiometer (zetaplus4 instrument Brookheaven, USA). The surface ζ potential of mesoporous manganese dioxide is negative when pH value is greater than 2.4, however, the surface ζ potential is positive. So the pH_pzc of mesoporous manganese dioxide is 2.4.

Evolution of adsorption performance

To determine the adsorption performance of DNP on active manganese dioxide, experiments were carried out using batch equilibration techniques at room temperature and atmosphere pressure. The Erlenmeyer flasks, containing DNP solution of 20 mg/L and adsorbent, were placed in an electronic temperature-controlled shaker (Taihua HZQ-F160, Taichang, China), and shaken at 150 r/min. After adsorption at 25°C for 12 h, the concentration of residual DNP was determine by UV spectrophotometry (UV2300IIUV spectrophotometry, Techcomp Limited, Shanghai, China). The solution pH was measured using pH meter (Leici PHS-3C pH meter, Shanghai, China). All experiments described above were performed in duplicate and the averaged values were recorded.

Results and discussion

Active manganese dioxides prepared by different methods were characterized by XRD (Figure 1) to study the variety of the position and intensity of diffraction peak. According to the ICDD, powder diffraction file (PDF) standard card, active manganese dioxide prepared at ambient pressure(sample 1) matches a typical XRD of δ-MnO₂, and active manganese dioxide prepared under hydrothermal conditions (sample 2) matches a typical XRD of α-MnO₂. Result of XRD indicates that crystalline morphological of active manganese dioxide depends on reaction temperature and pressure.

Figure 1.

XRD pattern of active manganese dioxide. XRD: X-ray diffraction.

The structure of active manganese dioxide can be observed from HR-TEM images (Figure 2(a–c)). As shown in Figure 2, preparation method has a prominent influence on the surface morphology of the samples. The shape of active manganese dioxide prepared at ambient pressure (sample 1) appears to be short rod-like (Figure 2(a)) structure. Active manganese dioxides prepared under hydrothermal conditions (sample 2) exhibit a uniform fibrillar morphology with length from 0.2 to 1 μm (Figure 2(b)), and possessed well-defined mesoporous structure according to the HR-TEM images (Figure 2(c)). The morphology identification indicates that mesoporous manganese dioxide (sample 2) with good crystal structure could be achieved by the hydrothermal method.

Figure 2.

HR-TEM micrographs of sample 1 (a) and sample 2 (b and c). HR-TEM: high resolution transmission electron microscopy.

Although the N₂ adsorption–desorption isotherm of sample 1 and sample 2 all belong to Langmuir type IV, the hysteresis loop of active manganese dioxides are entirely different (Figure 3(a)). The hysteresis loop of sample 1 belongs to type H3, it illustrates that there are slit pores due to conglomeration of active manganese dioxides particles. The hysteresis loop of sample 2 belongs to type H2, and the adsorption isotherm is relatively far from desorption isotherm at high pressure proving the mesoporous structure of the sample 2. Type H2 hysteresis loop usually results from a complex, interconnected pore network. The H2 hysteresis indicates that relatively uniform pores are present in the sample 2. The broad hysteresis loop centered at higher P/P₀ indicated the larger mesopores (Zhu et al., 2009).

Figure 3.

Nitrogen adsorption–desorption isothermal (a) and BJH pore size distribution (b) of active manganese dioxides. BJH: Barrett–Joyner–Halenda.

The pore size distribution of sample 1 and sample 2 show narrow distributions centered at 5.4 nm and 7.5 nm (Figure 3(b)) and pore volumes of 0.216 and 0.237 cm³/g (Table 1), respectively. According to IUPAC classification, mesoporous solids contain pores with a pore diameter between 2 and 50 nm (Xi et al., 2009).

Table 1.

Mesoporous parameters and adsorption ability of active manganese dioxide.

	Average pore diameter(nm)	Surface area(m²/g)	Pore volume(cm³/g)	Adsorption rate(%)
Sample 1	5.4	198.1	0.22	95.30
Sample 2	7.5	378.1	0.24	99.60

From the BET result, the surface area of sample 1 was found to be 198.149 m²/g and that of sample 2 is 378.149 m²/g (Table 1). The surface area, pore volumes and pore size of sample 2 are obviously bigger than those of sample 1, which is ascribed to the mesoporous structure of sample 2.

By carrying out the batch adsorption experiments, adsorption performance of active manganese dioxides preparation at different methods was compared. 100 mL of 20 mg/L DNP solution were added into the Erlenmeyer flask containing 0.8000 g of each adsorbent. The Erlenmeyer flasks were placed in an electronic temperature-controlled shaker, and shaken at 150 r/min. After adsorption at 25°C for 12 h, the absorbance of DNP at λ_max=316 nm was recorded. The results were shown in Table 1 and Figure 4.

Figure 4.

UV-vis spectra of different concentrations of 2,4-dinitrophenol and work curve of 2,4-dinitrophenol.

Table 1 shows that the adsorption effect of mesoporous manganese dioxide (sample 2) are better than that of sample 1 due to the mesoporous structure of sample 2. UV-Vis spectra of different concentrations of DNP and work curve were showed in Figure 4. The absorbance of DNP at λ_max = 316 nm increases with increasing the concentration of DNP when the concentration of DNP solutions are in the range of 4 to 24 mg/L, the relation of the two is approximately linear, correlation coefficient (R) is greater than 0.99. So the concentration of residual DNP can be counted by detecting the absorbance of DNP at λ_max=316 nm.

The influence of various initial quantity of mesoporous manganese dioxide on adsorption performance was investigated (Figure 5). The concentration of DNP was kept constant (20 mg/L) while the quantity of mesoporous manganese dioxide varied between 2 and 15 g/L. The Freundlich ( $\lg Q e = \lg k + \frac{1}{n} \cdot \lg C e$ ), Langmuir ( $\frac{C e}{Q e} = \frac{1}{Q m \cdot b} + \frac{C e}{Q m}$ , $\frac{1}{Qe} = \frac{1}{Qm \cdot b} \times \frac{1}{Ce} + \frac{1}{Qm}$ ), and Dubinin-Radushkevich models ( $\ln Qe=lnQm-B ε^{2}$ ) have been used for the equilibrium modeling of adsorption systems (Figure 6).

Figure 5.

The effect of the quantity of mesoporous manganese dioxide on UV-vis spectra of 2,4-dinitrophenol.

Figure 6.

Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherm of mesoporous manganese dioxide on 2,4-dinitrophenol.

Here, Qe is the amount of DNP adsorbed at equilibrium concentration (mg/g); Ce is the equilibrium concentration of DNP in solution (mg/L); Qm is the maximum adsorption capacity (mg/g); n, k, b and B are the constant, among them, n varies with the heterogeneity of the material. When $\frac{1}{n}$ values are within a range of 0.1 < $\frac{1}{n}$ < 1, the adsorption process is regarded as favorable.

The parameter $ε$ can be calculated as

ε = R T \ln (1 + \frac{1}{C e})

Here, R is the gas constant (8.314 × 10⁻³ J/mol·K) and T is the absolute temperature (K). A plot of ln Qe versus ε² enables isotherm constant B (mol²/kJ²) to be determined. The constant B gives the mean free energy E can be computed by using the relationship

E = (\frac{1}{\sqrt{2 B}})

The approach was usually applied to distinguish the physical and chemical adsorption with its mean free energy, if the value is between 1 and 8 kJ/mol, then the adsorption is physical in nature, and if it is between 8 and 20 kJ/mol, then the adsorption is chemisorption.

The results show the characteristic absorbance peak of DNP decreases with increasing quantity of mesoporous manganese dioxide (Figure 5). B band of DNP exhibits a blue-shift in the UV-vis adsorption spectra during the adsorption process, which illustrate that DNP was partly oxidized accompanied by adsorption process.

The adsorption isotherms of Freundlich, Langmuir, and Dubinin-Radushkevich models for DNP removal are shown in Figure 6. Freundlich isotherm yielded linear plots and the values of the coefficients ( $\frac{1}{n}$ ) is less than 1, which indicate that mesoporous manganese dioxide was liable to adsorption of DNP. The fitting plots of Langmuir adsorption isotherm of DNP also gave linear relationships with R² > 0.99, which indicated that the adsorption process maybe monolayer adsorption and the maximum adsorption capacity q_e was 2.539 mg/g.

From the linear plot of Dubinin-Radushkevich models, E was estimated as 10.60 kJ/mol, suggesting the chemical adsorption of DNP on mesoporous manganese dioxide.

The adsorption capacity of DNP on mesoporous manganese dioxide versus contact time was also studied. The concentration of DNP was 20 mg/L while the quantity of mesoporous manganese dioxide was 8.000 g/L. The results are depicted in Figure 7. As shown, the characteristic absorbance peak of DNP decreased with time. The intraparticle diffusion model ( $q_{t} = k \times t^{0.5}$ ) and pseudo-second-order kinetics model ( $\frac{t}{q_{t}} = \frac{1}{k_{2} \cdot q_{e}^{2}} + \frac{1}{q_{e}} t$ ) were employed to describe the adsorption process.

Figure 7.

The effect of adsorption time on UV-vis spectra of 2,4-dinitrophenol.

Here, k is the rate constant; k₂ is the pseudo-second-order rate constant of adsorption (g·mg⁻¹·min⁻¹); q_e and q_t are the adsorption capacity of DNP (mg·g⁻¹) at equilibrium and residual concentration of DNP in solution at time t, respectively; and t is adsorption time (min).

Figure 8 shows that the kinetics process for adsorption of DNP on the mesoporous manganese dioxide was closely consistent with the characteristics of the intrapartide diffusion and pseudo-second order reaction. The pseudo-second-order kinetics model is based on the postulate that the adsorption rate is controlled by chemical adsorption. The kinetics analysis showed the intraparticle diffusion and chemical adsorption control the adsorption together, which are in good agreement with the analysis conclusion of Dubinin-Radushkevich models.

Figure 8.

Adsorption kinetic of 2,4-dinitrophenol by mesoporous manganese dioxide.

The influence of the pH on adsorption performance was investigated (Figure 9). The concentration of DNP was 20 mg/L, the quantity of mesoporous manganese dioxide was 8.000 g/L and the contact time was 12 h while the initial solution pH was in the range of 2–8. The pH of these DNP solutions was adjusted by using NaOH or H₂SO₄.

Figure 9.

The effect of pH on adsorption efficiency of mesoporous manganese dioxide.

Figure 9 shows that the pH has an apparent influence on adsorption performance of mesoporous manganese dioxide. The pKa value of DNP is 4.09 (Liu et al., 2010). The pH_pzc of the mesoporous manganese dioxide is 2.4, which was determined by ζ potentiometer, and the particles of mesoporous manganese dioxide were negatively charged when pH value is greater than 2.4. There existed competitive adsorption between DNP and H+ ions on the particle surface of mesoporous manganese dioxide under acidic conditions. The levels of H+ ions dropped and the removal efficiency of DNP increased with pH increase from 3 to 7. The surface of mesoporous manganese dioxide is rich in hydroxyl groups which have excellent adsorbed properties for DNP, and the quantity of hydroxyl groups increased with increasing pH value. So the removal efficiency of DNP increased with pH increase from 9 to 11.

Conclusions

Active manganese dioxide was prepared by different methods using KMnO₄ and MnSO₄·H₂O as inorganic precursors. The shape of active manganese dioxide prepared at room temperature and pressure is short rod-like. Active manganese dioxide synthesized by hydrothermal method is mesoporous fibers and has better adsorption performance.

The adsorption behavior of DNP on mesoporous manganese dioxide is well described by Langmuir, Freundlich isotherm equation (R² > 0.99) and pseudo-second-order kinetic equation (R² > 0.99), which indicated that the adsorption process maybe a chemical and monolayer adsorption.

The pH of solution has significant effect on the adsorption effect of DNP on mesoporous manganese dioxide, and the adsorption capacity is 2.539 mg/g in the condition of pH = 7.

Footnotes

Authors′ contributions

H Chen carried out the experiments. H Chen and W Tian participated in the preparation and characterization of active manganese dioxide. H Chen and W Ding interpreted the results and wrote the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Declaration of Conflicting Interests

The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Funding

The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: The authors is greatly indebted to the National Natural Science Foundation of China for the financial support (Project No 51279073).

References

Bastami

and Entezari

(2012) Synthesis of manganese oxide nanocrystal by ultrasonic bath: Effect of external magnetic field. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 19: 830–840.

Cao

and Shiraishi

(2010) A mechanism of photocatalytic and adsorptive treatment of 2,4-dinitrophenol on a porous thin film of TiO2 covering granular activated carbon particles. Chemical Engineering Journal 160: 651–659.

Carvajal-Bernal

Gómez

Giraldo

et al . (2015) Adsorption of phenol and 2,4-dinitrophenol on activated carbons with surface modifications. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 209: 150–156.

Cheng

Huang

Sun

et al . (2017) Catalytic oxidation removal of ammonium from groundwater by manganese oxides filter: Performance and mechanisms. Chemical Engineering Journal 322: 82–89.

Davranche

Pourret

Gruau

et al . (2008) Competitive binding of REE to humic acid and manganese oxide: Impact of reaction kinetics on development of cerium anomaly and REE adsorption. Chemical Geology 247: 154–170.

and Qu

(2003) Degradation of azo dye acid red B on manganese dioxide in the absence and presence of ultrasonic irradiation. Journal of Hazardous Materials 100: 197–207.

Guo

Huang

Wen

et al . (2017) The simultaneous removal of ammonium and manganese from groundwater by iron-manganese co-oxide filter film: The role of chemical catalytic oxidation for ammonium removal. Chemical Engineering Journal 308: 322–329.

Gupta

Bhattacharya

Chattopadhyay

et al . (2011) Ceria associated manganese oxide nanoparticles: Synthesis, characterization and arsenic(V) sorption behavior. Chemical Engineering Journal 172: 219–229.

Hirooka

Nagase

Hirata

et al . (2006) Degradation of 2,4-dinitrophenol by a mixed culture of photoautotrophic microorganisms. Biochemical Engineering Journal 29: 157–162.

10.

Chen

Liu

et al . (2016) Activated carbon doped with biogenic manganese oxides for the removal of indigo carmine. Journal of Environmental Management 166: 512–518.

11.

Lee

N-R

and Jung

(2012) Low-temperature fabrication of Mn₃O₄ nanorods by solid-state decomposition of exfoliated MnO₂ nanosheets. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 73: 1473–1477.

12.

Lisha

Maliyekkal

and Pradeep

(2010) Manganese dioxide nanowhiskers: A potential adsorbent for the removal of Hg(II) from water. Chemical Engineering Journal 160: 432–439.

13.

Liu

Q-S

Zheng

Wang

et al . (2010) Adsorption isotherm, kinetic and mechanism studies of some substituted phenols on activated carbon fibers. Chemical Engineering Journal 157: 348–356.

14.

Liu

Zhao

et al . (2010) Treatment of dye wastewater with permanganate oxidation and in situ formed manganese dioxides adsorption: Cation blue as model pollutant. Journal of Hazardous Materials 176: 926–931.

15.

Chen

and Kawamoto

(2012) Direct hydrothermal synthesis of nanosized mesoporous ramsdellite manganese oxide with high surface area. Materials Research Bulletin 47: 3619–3624.

16.

Y-Q

Jiang

J-K

and Huang

W-D

(2011) Clinical features and treatment in patients with acute 2,4-dinitrophenol poisoning. Journal of Zhejiang University Science B 12: 189–192.

17.

Luo

Zhu

et al . (2008) Synthesis of surface molecularly imprinted silica micro-particles in aqueous solution and the usage for selective off-line solid-phase extraction of 2,4-dinitrophenol from water matrixes. Analytica Chimica Acta 618: 147–156.

18.

Mackedonski

and Hadjiolov

(1970) Selective inhibition of ribosomal RNA synthesis in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells by a non-specific inhibitor, 2,4-dinitrophenol. Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta (BBA) – Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis 204: 462–469.

19.

Nugroho

and Kim

(2014) Effect of KOH on the continuous synthesis of cobalt oxide and manganese oxide nanoparticles in supercritical water. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 20: 4443–4446.

20.

Peng

Zeng

Tie

et al . (2015) Manganese dioxide nanosheet suspension: A novel absorbent for cadmium(II) contamination in waterbody. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 456: 108–115.

21.

Pillai

IMS

and Gupta

(2015) Batch and continuous flow anodic oxidation of 2,4-dinitrophenol: Modeling, degradation pathway and toxicity. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 756: 108–117.

22.

Piumetti

Fino

and Russo

(2015) Mesoporous manganese oxides prepared by solution combustion synthesis as catalysts for the total oxidation of VOCs. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 163: 277–287.

23.

Rudder

Wiele

Dhooge

et al . (2004) Advanced water treatment with manganese oxide for the removal of 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2). Water Research 38: 184–192.

24.

Ryu

Shin

Lee

D-H

et al . (2015) Improvement of lithium adsorption capacity of porous cylinder-type lithium manganese oxide through introduction of additive. Materials Chemistry and Physics 167: 225–230.

25.

Samarghandi

Al-Musawi

Mohseni-Bandpi

et al . (2015) Adsorption of cephalexin from aqueous solution using natural zeolite and zeolite coated with manganese oxide nanoparticles. Journal of Molecular Liquids 211: 431–441.

26.

Sun

et al . (2011) Rapid synthesis of cryptomelane-type manganese oxide under ultrasonic process. Materials Letters 65: 3184–3186.

27.

Verma

Chandra

and Gupta

(2016) Decontamination of 2-chloro ethyl ethyl sulphide and dimethyl methyl phosphonate from aqueous solutions using manganese oxide nanostructures. Journal of Molecular Liquids 215: 285–292.

28.

Wang

Sun

Ang

et al . (2015) 3D-hierarchically structured MnO₂ for catalytic oxidation of phenol solutions by activation of peroxymonosulfate: Structure dependence and mechanism. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 164: 159–167.

29.

Huang

Djurišić

et al . (2009) Electrodeposition for antibacterial nickel-oxide-based coatings. Thin Solid Films 517: 6527–6530.

30.

Zhao

et al . (2015) Different crystal-forms of one-dimensional MnO₂ nanomaterials for the catalytic oxidation and adsorption of elemental mercury. Journal of Hazardous Materials 299: 86–93.

31.

S-D

Zhu

Y-B

Zhuang

Q-C

et al . (2013) Hydrothermal synthesis of manganese oxides/carbon nanotubes composites as anode materials for lithium ion batteries. Materials Research Bulletin 48: 3479–3484.

32.

Dai

Gao

et al . (2006) Effects of synthetic parameters on structure and electrochemical performance of spinel lithium manganese oxide by citric acid-assisted sol–gel method. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 425: 343–347.

33.

Zhou

Huang

et al . (2015) Effects of a manganese oxide-modified biochar composite on adsorption of arsenic in red soil. Journal of Environmental Management 163: 155–162.

34.

Zhang

Cheng

Zheng

et al . (2011) Roles of manganese oxides in degradation of phenol under UV-Vis irradiation: Adsorption, oxidation, and photocatalysis. Journal of Environmental Sciences 23: 1904–1910.

35.

Zhu

Huang

Hong

et al . (2009) Effects of polyoxyethylene (40) stearate on the activity of P-glycoprotein and cytochrome P450. European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences: Official Journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences 37: 573–580.