In the wider context of several primary climate change impacts affecting low-lying coastal areas of Bangladesh, this article examines how the phenomenon of ‘climate change migration’ creates national and local secondary complications for internal population displacement as well as increasingly visible tertiary impacts. These are manifested in rapid urbanisation and precarious socio-economic and environmental changes in urban contexts. Highlighting the growing interconnection of climate change, migration and urbanisation in Bangladesh, the article calls for effective local policy changes to address the urgent need to safeguard sustainable livelihoods and security of fundamental rights for climate change migrants.
AbedinM.A.ShawR. (2013) ‘Agricultural Adaptation in the Coastal Zone of Bangladesh’. In ShawR.MallickF.IslamA. (Eds), Climate Change Adaptation Actions in Bangladesh (pp. 207–26). New York: Springer.
2.
AbedinM.A.HabibaU.ShawR. (2014) ‘Community Perception and Adaptation to Safe Drinking Water Scarcity: Salinity, Arsenic, and Drought Risks in Coastal Bangladesh’, International Journal of Disaster Risk Science, 5(2): 110–24.
3.
AdgerW.N.ArnellN.W.TompkinsE.L. (2005) ‘Successful Adaptation to Climate Change across Scale’, Global Environmental Change, 15(2): 77–86.
4.
AhsanR. (2013) Climate Migration and Urban Changes: A Study of Adaptation in Bangladesh. PhD Thesis. Adelaide: University of South Australia.
5.
AhsanR.KellettJ.KaruppannanS. (2014) ‘Climate-Induced Migration: Lessons from Bangladesh’, Climate Change: Impacts and Responses, 5(2): 1–14.
6.
AlamM.MurrayL.A. (2005) Facing up to Climate Change in South Asia. London: International Institute for Environment and Development.
7.
AnwerS. (2012) ‘Climate Refugees in Bangladesh: Understanding the Migration Process at the Local Level’. In GöbelT.JenrichJ.LottjeC.WirschingS. (Eds), Climate Refugees Study, (pp. 7–27). Stuttgart: Diakonisches Werk der EKD e.V.
8.
AyersJ. (2011) ‘Resolving the Adaptation Paradox: Exploring the Potential for Deliberative Adaptation Policy-making in Bangladesh’, Global Environmental Politics, 11(1): 62–88.
9.
BBS (2001, September) Preliminary Report on Household Income and Expenditure. Dhaka: Ministry of Planning, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics.
10.
BBS (2011, September) Population & Housing Census 2011. Dhaka: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Planning.
11.
BhaduriL.S. (2018) ‘Marxist Ideology and Colonial Interpretation of “The Boatman of the Padma”’, South Asia Research, 38(3S): 82S–95S.
12.
BhuiyanS. (2015) ‘Adapting to Climate Change in Bangladesh: Good Governance Barriers’, South Asia Research, 35(3): 349–67.
13.
ChowdhuryQ.I. (Ed.) (2001) State of World Water 2001. Dhaka: World Water Forum of Journalists.
14.
Displacement Solutions (2012, March) Climate Displacement in Bangladesh. Geneva, Switzerland and Portsea, Australia: Displacement Solutions.
15.
EdmundC.P-R.SultanaP.ThompsonP.M. (2013) ‘The “Last Resort”? Population Movement in Response to Climate-related Hazards in Bangladesh’, Environmental Science and Policy, 27(1): 44–59.
16.
EgelandJ. (2007) Internal Displacement: The Hidden Crisis. Belfast: Christian Aid.
17.
EM-DAT (2019) ‘Emergency Events Database’. US Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA) and Centre for Research into Epidemiology. URL (consulted 16 March 2019), from http://www.cred.be/emdat
18.
Government of Bangladesh (2005, November) National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA). Final Report. Dhaka: Ministry of Environment and Forests. Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh.
19.
Government of Bangladesh (2009) Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan (BCCSAP). Dhaka: Ministry of Environment and Forests.
20.
GrayC.L.MuellerV. (2012) ‘Natural Disasters and Population Mobility in Bangladesh’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 109(16): 6001–5.
21.
HaqueA.JahanS. (2016) ‘Regional Impact of Cyclone Sidr in Bangladesh: A Multi-Sector Analysis’, International Journal of Disaster Risk Science,7(3): 312–27.
22.
HoqueR. (2011) Judicial Activism in Bangladesh. A Golden Mean Approach. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
23.
HuqN.HugéJ.BoonE.GainA.K. (2015) ‘Climate Change Impacts in Agricultural Communities in Rural Areas of Coastal Bangladesh: A Tale of Many Stories’, Sustainability, 7(7): 8437–60.
24.
IMF (2013) Bangladesh: Poverty Reduction Strategy. Country Report. Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund.
25.
IOM (2008) Migration and Climate Change. IOM Migration Research Series. Geneva: International Organization of Migration.
26.
IPCC (2007a) ‘Assessment of Observed Changes and Responses in Natural and Managed Systems’. In MartinP.OsvaldoC.JeanP.Ven der LindP.ClairH. (Eds), Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability (pp. 80–131). Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
27.
IPCC (2007b) ‘Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report’. In AbdelkaderA.BojariuRIsmailS.D.GriggsD.HawkinsD.HonhmeyerO.PatehB.Kajfez-BogatajL.LearyN.LeeH.WrattD. (Eds), Fourth Assessment of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (pp. 1–89). Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
28.
IslamN. (2007) Towards a National Urban Sector Policy. Policy Dialogue Series. Dhaka: Centre for Policy Dialogue and United Nations Population Fund.
29.
IslamN. (2010) ‘Climate Change and the Challenge to Social Policies’, Global Social Policy, 10(1): 18–20.
30.
IslamN.MahbubA.NazemN.I. (2006) Slums of Urban Bangladesh: Mapping and Census, 2005. Dhaka: Centre for Urban Studies and National Institute of Population Research and Training.
31.
KibriaS.A.M.S. (1999) Bangladesh at the Crossroads. Dhaka: The University Press Ltd.
32.
LalM.HarasawaH.MurdiyarsoD.AdgerW.N.AdhikaryS.AndoM.CruzR.V. (2001) ‘Asia. Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II’. In McCarthyJ.J.CanzianiO.F.LearyN.A.DokkenD.J.WhiteK.S. (Eds), Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (pp. 28–31). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
33.
MahmoodS.M.S.NajneenF.HoqueK.S.RahmanS.ShamimM.M. (2010) ‘Climate Change: A Study on Impacts and People’s Perceptions (A Case Study on Mongla Upazila, Bagerhat District. Bangladesh)’, Bangladesh Research Publications Journal, 4(2):153–64.
34.
MarshallR.RahmanS. (2013) Internal Migration in Bangladesh: Character, Drivers and Policy Issues. Dhaka: United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Bangladesh.
McGrahananG.BalkD.AndersonB. (2007) ‘The Rising Tide: Assessing the Risk of Climate Change and Human Settlements in Low Elevation Coastal Zones’, Environment and Urbanization, 19(1): 17–37.
37.
McLemanR.SmitB. (2006) ‘Migration as an Adaptation to Climate Change’, Climatic Change, 76(1–2): 31–53.
38.
NishatA.MukherjeeN. (2013) ‘Climate Change Impacts, Scenario and Vulnerability of Bangladesh’. In
ShawR.MallickF.IslamA. (Eds), Climate Change Adaptation Actions in Bangladesh (pp. 15–42). New York: Springer.
39.
NovakJ.J. (1994) Bangladesh. Reflections on the Water. Dhaka: The University Press Limited.
40.
PanjaS.NagA.K.BandyopadhyayS. (2015) Living with floods: Archaeology of a Settlemenet in the Lower Ganga Plains, c. 600–1800 C.E. Delhi: Primus Books.
41.
ParvinG.A.AhsanS.M.R. (2013) ‘Impacts of Climate Change on Food Security of Rural Poor Women in Bangladesh’, Management of Environmental Quality, 24(6): 802–14.
42.
ParvinG.A.ShawR. (2011) ‘Climate Disaster Resilience of Dhaka City Corporation: An Empirical Assessment at Zone Level’, Risk, Hazards & Crisis in Public Policy, 2(2):1–30.
43.
ParvinM. (2013) Mainstreaming Climate Change Resilience into Development Planning in Bangladesh. London: International Institute for Environment and Development.
44.
RanaM.M.P. (2011) ‘Urbanization and Sustainability: Challenges and Strategies for Sustainable Urban Development in Bangladesh’, Environment, Development and Sustainability, 13(1): 237–56.
45.
RasheedK.B.S. (2002) ‘Perspectives on the Environment of Bangladesh’. In ChowdhuryA.M.AlamF. (Eds), Bangladesh on the Threshold of the Twenty-First Century (pp. 561–72). Dhaka: Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
46.
SarkarR.VogtJ. (2015) ‘Drinking Water Vulnerability in Rural Coastal Areas of Bangladesh during and after Natural Extreme Events’, International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 14(4): 411–23.
47.
SaryalR. (2017) ‘Climate Change Policy of India: Modifying the Environment’, South Asia Research, 38(1): 1–19.
48.
WarnerK. (2012) ‘Human Migration and Displacement in the Context of Adaptation to Climate Change: The Cancun Adaptation Framework and Potential for Future Action’, Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 30(6): 1061–77.
